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hi this is Patrick at stop spraying us

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calm and on the phone or actually Skype

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with said that with us today we have m'q

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west from Medibank and Amy why don't you

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all right well I am a retired video game

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programmer I worked on the game Tony

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Hawk's Pro Skater about ten years ago

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and I retired and just kind of doing

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some part-time work since then and I

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have a lot of spare time and so I just

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been following up on things I find it

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personally interesting to me and I've

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always been interested in things like

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you know UFOs and things like that and

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strange topics and so I tend to like

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argue with people on the internet about

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things like that

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and I ended up just setting up my own

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site to do that I started with a site

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called contrails science which I think

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that I studied around 10 years ago which

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was talking about the the chemtrail

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theory which I'm sure you're familiar

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with and now and then I kind of branched

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out into meta bunk where I talked about

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a whole bunch of other like conspiracy

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type things like 9/11 things you know

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things like people who think the Sandy

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Hook was fake people who think the earth

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is flat I do a whole variety of things

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but I kind of started out doing the

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whole chemtrail thing and so I still did

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quite a bit of that we do a lot of stuff

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like identifying planes and flying

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objects and stuff it's kind of

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interesting stuff and nobody pays me to

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do it it's just something I do by myself

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you know I made enough money on the with

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the video games and it's just can I do

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it as a as a hobby and an you live in

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California now back yes I do yes I'm

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over by Sacramento so anyway as people

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whoever knows me I've been talking about

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and rails and for some time and I

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thought it would be really useful for

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people to hear the other side because

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anyone who is in one group will only

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hear one thing you know

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the same for the other side so III

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thought I'd have a chat with with Nick

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to to explain how he sees the on

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chemtrail contrail conspiracy theory and

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i have a few questions you know it'll be

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like you know things actually let's

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start off with first of all what is a

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calm trial or what is a kam trial well

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first of all I want to say I thank you

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for doing this type of thing because I

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think there is a lot of polarization

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between groups where people they just

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don't listen to what they perceive as

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being the other side like people will

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think that you know I'm anything I say

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is a lie so they just won't listen to it

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and you know I've got a lot of

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information on my website that is it's

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all well referenced and you can verify

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it for yourself it's not just me saying

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saying something but your question

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a contrail is a condensation trail it's

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actually a type of cloud

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it's really essentially the same as a

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regular cloud like a cirrus cloud a

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high-altitude cloud and it's formed when

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the the water in the aircraft engine

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exhaust mixes with the ambient air and

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basically triggers the formation of a

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cloud it's not actually a cloud formed

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from the water in the exhaust that just

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actually triggers the formation of the

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cloud and there's two types of contrail

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those exhaust contrail which is what as

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I just described and then there's

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another type which has led to a lot of

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confusion which is the aerodynamic

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contrail which forms over the entire

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surface of the wing and this it looks a

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bit different closer it's more like a

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flat ribbon than a couple of streams

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coming out of the engine and it can form

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at lower altitudes and in a wider range

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of conditions aerodynamic so is this

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related to like for example like Hong

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Kong is humid and hot and whenever

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planes land there you'll see wingtip

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vortices coming off the side is it so

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to that it is similar to that yeah what

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is it's a reduction in the air pressure

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you know when you have a vortex

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obviously it's the air is spinning round

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very rapidly and that forces the air to

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the outside so the pressure in the

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middle of a vortex is lower than the

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pressure outside and you might you may

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have seen like science experiments on TV

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where people say if I make a cloud in a

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bottle and they do it by you know

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pumping air into a bottle and then

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opening it quickly you know when you

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open a beer bottle you see a tiny little

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bit of like a cloud basically in the

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neck of the beer bottle that's the same

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type of thing the pressure is being

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suddenly lowered which means the the

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area's expands and so it's unable to

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hold the same amount of moisture and so

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it basically a cloud just kind of

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springs into existence because the

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conditions make it impossible for the

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water to stay in its gas form so yes

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that's the same way like when wet air

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goes up abandon it turns into pressure

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essentially yes essentially yeah it's

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kind of different because of the way the

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yeah the air is moving from one place to

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another with in that instance whereas in

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in this instance the pressure is being

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lowered in the same place so it's like

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I'm not sure if you mentioned or maybe

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misremembered so there's with these the

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air destroyed Onam their aerodynamic

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ones that go the full length of the wing

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isn't there some traumatic effect in

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there as well

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yes how does that happen it happens

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because of the way the the way they [\h__\h]

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by the way for listeners that's yeah

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others in color basically it skis it's a

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kind of a rainbow effect but if you look

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at it it's not actually the same

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spectrum as a rainbow it's a different

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type of spectrum it's I think called me

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scattering mie scattering and it's to do

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with the size of the particles when the

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cloud is forming they start out as being

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a microscopic tiny little you know nano

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sized particles of water and then they

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grow in the air as more and more water

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you get attracted to the

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hissing water drops so you suss it with

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very very small particles and then they

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become a bit larger as you get further

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back so as you get further away from the

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plane the particles are going to be a

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bit bigger and the size of the particle

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affects the way it interacts with light

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because they're all and there are

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similar size to the wavelength of the

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light and so the different sizes scatter

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different colors of light and so you get

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this spectrum of light behind the play

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as it can look quite pretty some of them

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are very nice looking from the ground

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they kind of look washed out but you may

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have seen some of the photographs taken

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from higher-up if he's taken from

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another plane the sky kind of looks

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black and you get this very dramatic

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colors in the in the trail and at that

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point is actually water vapor you think

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of contrails normally as being ice and

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you sometimes get a replica halo effect

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in a regular ice contrail but when an

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aerodynamic contrail is forming it

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actually starts out as tiny here it's

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very cool water droplets and it gives

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this very very nice effect so these

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these are mostly lower lower altitude

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and higher humidity the well there's

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this this is another thing with these

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aerodynamic controls the ones that you

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see that persist up in the air are

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actually pretty high altitude still

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there in the like of 15 to 25,000 feet

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range and now regular contrails form

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generally higher than that twenty-five

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to forty thousand feet or 40,000 plus by

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regular I mean exhaust contrails which

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are the more common contrails so you do

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get these exhausts contrails a pretty

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high altitude I see them here

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like Sacramento a lot because the the

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traffic that's climbing out of San

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Francisco there's heading eastbound is

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climbing through around that range

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twenty to twenty-five thirty thousand

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feet over my house here so I see these

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aerodynamic controls a lot more than

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than many people would would see them

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you probably would not see them being in

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San Francisco sometimes yeah I mean what

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I just call them like like right he

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doing wing sprayers that looks like it

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looks like this trail yeah yeah

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there's a few videos as well like pretty

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famous videos put forth by ya chemtrail

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people like Dane Wigington I think he's

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always saying you know we have absolute

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proof of chemtrails because he puts out

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these videos of aerodynamic contrails

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and I think you know he has been quite

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resistant to the explanation that their

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aerodynamic contrails but that's where

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they are but my point real quick there

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about not seeing them over San Francisco

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is that you see them most commonly where

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planes are climbing it's quite rare to

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see them when a plans our cruising

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altitude because normally they just form

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exhaust contrails and so the exhaust

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contrails

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tend to just kind of blot out any

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aerodynamic once you see but you do see

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persistent contrails they are becoming

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more common would you agree or disagree

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I would I would disagree I think well it

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depends what you mean by more common

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there is more air traffic now than there

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was in the 80s so obvious is that

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there's a lot more persistent contrails

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now because because there's more air

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traffic there is there are actually some

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increases and I think what you were

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suggesting is that the conditions are

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changing so that there's there's more

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contrails or the singing of something

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added to the jet fuel or something like

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that but really there's there's a few

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other reasons why you see more one of

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them one of those reasons is something

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called they reduced vertical separation

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minima which is the minimum distance the

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minimum vertical distance the planes can

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fly the distance between them vertically

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which used to be 2,000 feet and in I

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believe the 2000s it was changed to

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1,000 feet which meant that a lot more

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air traffic could be fit into the same

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airspace so he give a much more denser

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packing of planes and that allowed more

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planes to fly asked cruising altitude

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and it opened up the door for things

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like a small local commercial

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or jets so there's actually this changes

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in the types of air traffic like you get

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like you can flies for example from from

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Sacramento to Medford you don't eat them

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they fitted in the South Southern Oregon

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I've learned there well I haven't

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learned there no I haven't blown there I

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know people who are flown there

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it's actually no I have learned there I

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flew there from LA but you can actually

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fly there from from Sacramento like it's

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actually no you can't sorry I'm getting

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a bit confused you can fly to Medford

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from Los Angeles yeah yeah yeah you

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gotta fly from Sacramento must be poor

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Drive but that's the type of route that

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didn't exist 20 years ago because people

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will generally fly to hub cities and

272
00:11:59,829 --> 00:11:57,889
then fly to these other cities so you

273
00:12:02,679 --> 00:11:59,839
have an increase in the number of routes

274
00:12:05,259 --> 00:12:02,689
so let's say there is a new route

275
00:12:07,269 --> 00:12:05,269
between Sacramento and Medford the

276
00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:07,279
people between sacrament for Medford

277
00:12:11,530 --> 00:12:09,050
might see planes where they weren't

278
00:12:14,139 --> 00:12:11,540
seeing them before because the traffic

279
00:12:15,759 --> 00:12:14,149
was normally further over to the to the

280
00:12:19,059 --> 00:12:15,769
west because it's from San Francisco in

281
00:12:19,629 --> 00:12:19,069
LA so in other words more planes more

282
00:12:21,609 --> 00:12:19,639
trials

283
00:12:24,039 --> 00:12:21,619
well what planes there's more routes

284
00:12:25,840 --> 00:12:24,049
there's more high flying planes because

285
00:12:27,249 --> 00:12:25,850
of these smaller commuter jet so they're

286
00:12:29,230 --> 00:12:27,259
just gonna jump up and then jump down

287
00:12:33,429 --> 00:12:29,240
but they're still flying at high

288
00:12:34,869 --> 00:12:33,439
altitude and there there was one other

289
00:12:36,220 --> 00:12:34,879
reason I can't remember two off the top

290
00:12:38,319 --> 00:12:36,230
of my head but yeah there's a few other

291
00:12:40,210 --> 00:12:38,329
reasons but the atmosphere hasn't really

292
00:12:43,359 --> 00:12:40,220
changed in a way that creates more

293
00:12:47,859 --> 00:12:43,369
contrails oh yeah the other thing is

294
00:12:52,239 --> 00:12:47,869
high bypass engines I back past

295
00:12:54,539 --> 00:12:52,249
turbofans now this is something that

296
00:12:57,249 --> 00:12:54,549
kind of gets presented backwards

297
00:12:59,049 --> 00:12:57,259
high-bypass jet engines which are the

298
00:13:04,359 --> 00:12:59,059
modern types of engines with them the

299
00:13:06,489 --> 00:13:04,369
very big fans on the front they are much

300
00:13:08,669 --> 00:13:06,499
more efficient than the older engines

301
00:13:11,799 --> 00:13:08,679
which has a smaller fan on the front

302
00:13:14,169 --> 00:13:11,809
because they they convert a lot of the

303
00:13:16,419 --> 00:13:14,179
energy of the jet engine the jet turbine

304
00:13:18,789 --> 00:13:16,429
into turning this fan to produced thrust

305
00:13:21,370 --> 00:13:18,799
rather than just shooting the hot gases

306
00:13:24,250 --> 00:13:21,380
out of the back so this actually cools

307
00:13:26,950 --> 00:13:24,260
the exhaust of the hi the high-bypass

308
00:13:29,230 --> 00:13:26,960
turbofans and so the exhaust that's

309
00:13:32,710 --> 00:13:29,240
coming out when it mixes with the air is

310
00:13:36,190 --> 00:13:32,720
a little bit cooler and so it gets to

311
00:13:38,500 --> 00:13:36,200
the condensation point quicker and so

312
00:13:42,100 --> 00:13:38,510
it's actually a bit more likely to

313
00:13:45,640 --> 00:13:42,110
create a contrail than the older engine

314
00:13:47,770 --> 00:13:45,650
so new engines actually more more

315
00:13:50,020 --> 00:13:47,780
contraire friendly in a way than older

316
00:13:54,340 --> 00:13:50,030
engines not it's not a huge amount

317
00:13:57,250 --> 00:13:54,350
it changes the the range in which the

318
00:13:58,450 --> 00:13:57,260
temperature range if you can think of

319
00:14:00,490 --> 00:13:58,460
that the atmosphere is being like

320
00:14:02,590 --> 00:14:00,500
divided into slices like in two layers

321
00:14:04,540 --> 00:14:02,600
there's a layer at which the conditions

322
00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:04,550
are right for contrails and it expands

323
00:14:08,470 --> 00:14:07,310
that range by a few hundred feet so it

324
00:14:13,270 --> 00:14:08,480
does actually create a few more

325
00:14:17,340 --> 00:14:13,280
contrails than the older engines so

326
00:14:23,410 --> 00:14:17,350
going back to the term contrail

327
00:14:25,090 --> 00:14:23,420
condensation condensation don't you need

328
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:25,100
a hundred percent humidity for something

329
00:14:31,360 --> 00:14:28,510
at different depths you do yes yes and

330
00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:31,370
relative humidity you do and that's

331
00:14:37,750 --> 00:14:34,250
where the moisture in the jet exhaust

332
00:14:41,440 --> 00:14:37,760
comes in you know when you burn

333
00:14:43,210 --> 00:14:41,450
something it's you're burning a

334
00:14:45,490 --> 00:14:43,220
hydrocarbon it was just hydrogen and

335
00:14:46,900 --> 00:14:45,500
carbon you're burning it in oxygen which

336
00:14:51,550 --> 00:14:46,910
is just you know oxygen

337
00:14:53,260 --> 00:14:51,560
oh so the hydrogen combines with the

338
00:14:55,390 --> 00:14:53,270
oxygen and the carbon combines with the

339
00:14:57,670 --> 00:14:55,400
oxygen so you end up with carbon dioxide

340
00:15:01,180 --> 00:14:57,680
which is carbon and oxygen and hydrogen

341
00:15:02,560 --> 00:15:01,190
oxygen which is h2o which is water so

342
00:15:06,250 --> 00:15:02,570
what comes out of the back of a jet

343
00:15:09,130 --> 00:15:06,260
engine is four parts carbon dioxide and

344
00:15:11,020 --> 00:15:09,140
one part water it's just an awful lot of

345
00:15:13,090 --> 00:15:11,030
water when you burn a gallon of jet fuel

346
00:15:16,060 --> 00:15:13,100
you're actually creating about 1.3

347
00:15:20,830 --> 00:15:16,070
gallons of water and so when you add

348
00:15:24,820 --> 00:15:20,840
this water to the the air outside the

349
00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:24,830
plane there's a brief period where the

350
00:15:29,890 --> 00:15:27,410
humidity goes over a hundred percent so

351
00:15:33,850 --> 00:15:29,900
if the humidity is outside is say 60 or

352
00:15:35,260 --> 00:15:33,860
70 percent yeah that's very cold air you

353
00:15:38,110 --> 00:15:35,270
mix it with this hot

354
00:15:39,610 --> 00:15:38,120
humid gas that's coming out and there's

355
00:15:41,710 --> 00:15:39,620
a brief period when in the humidity

356
00:15:43,630 --> 00:15:41,720
Rises over a hundred percent and at that

357
00:15:48,070 --> 00:15:43,640
point you get condensation of water

358
00:15:51,670 --> 00:15:48,080
liquid water but then surely like right

359
00:15:53,769 --> 00:15:51,680
now III don't see here if I spilled that

360
00:15:55,660 --> 00:15:53,779
tea it would evaporate it wouldn't I

361
00:15:57,220 --> 00:15:55,670
mean my cup wouldn't overflow but

362
00:16:01,180 --> 00:15:57,230
there's no one percent humidity here

363
00:16:05,280 --> 00:16:01,190
yeah well so what happens next in the

364
00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:05,290
contrail formation is the magic

365
00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:09,890
temperature of minus 40 degrees which is

366
00:16:13,960 --> 00:16:12,050
magic in a couple of ways one is that

367
00:16:16,840 --> 00:16:13,970
minus 40 degrees is the same in

368
00:16:19,690 --> 00:16:16,850
Fahrenheit and Celsius minus 40 C is

369
00:16:23,430 --> 00:16:19,700
minus 40 F which confuses some people

370
00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:23,440
but you could check it it's true and

371
00:16:29,500 --> 00:16:27,290
minus 40 degrees is what called the the

372
00:16:32,710 --> 00:16:29,510
homogeneous freezing temperature of

373
00:16:35,380 --> 00:16:32,720
water which means the temperature at

374
00:16:38,380 --> 00:16:35,390
which water will freeze without anything

375
00:16:41,620 --> 00:16:38,390
being added to it now when water freezes

376
00:16:43,510 --> 00:16:41,630
normally it needs to freeze on something

377
00:16:47,620 --> 00:16:43,520
it needs to some kind of nucleus some

378
00:16:48,940 --> 00:16:47,630
kind of nucleation site so you've

379
00:16:50,530 --> 00:16:48,950
probably seen little experiments where

380
00:16:51,069 --> 00:16:50,540
you take a bottle of water stick it in

381
00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:51,079
the freezer

382
00:16:55,900 --> 00:16:54,170
and you you take it out and it's still

383
00:16:59,050 --> 00:16:55,910
liquid and then you bang it on something

384
00:17:00,579 --> 00:16:59,060
and you see it freezes yeah yeah that's

385
00:17:04,510 --> 00:17:00,589
because it's you know gets disturbed and

386
00:17:05,710 --> 00:17:04,520
you nucleation sites form or you could

387
00:17:11,020 --> 00:17:05,720
like do something like put a bit of salt

388
00:17:12,250 --> 00:17:11,030
in it and it hello you stole her yeah

389
00:17:20,829 --> 00:17:12,260
yeah you might you suddenly gone very

390
00:17:22,510 --> 00:17:20,839
quiet I can hear you now sorry again I'm

391
00:17:24,220 --> 00:17:22,520
using the I mean the recording will

392
00:17:26,799 --> 00:17:24,230
sound good I'm using my microphone is

393
00:17:30,060 --> 00:17:26,809
just the this is the laptop right

394
00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:30,070
built-in microphone sorry alright so

395
00:17:39,220 --> 00:17:35,330
actually don't restart your yeah yeah

396
00:17:42,360 --> 00:17:39,230
I was talking about ice and that minus

397
00:17:45,040 --> 00:17:42,370
40 degrees is the homogeneous

398
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:45,050
homogeneous nucleation actually just ice

399
00:17:48,430 --> 00:17:46,910
nucleation it's that is the temperature

400
00:17:49,030 --> 00:17:48,440
at which water will just freeze without

401
00:17:53,890 --> 00:17:49,040
having to add

402
00:17:56,020 --> 00:17:53,900
things do it so what's happening when

403
00:17:57,610 --> 00:17:56,030
you when you were say on a cold day when

404
00:18:00,760 --> 00:17:57,620
you breathe out you see a little cloud

405
00:18:03,310 --> 00:18:00,770
and this is comprised of liquid water

406
00:18:05,260 --> 00:18:03,320
droplets I mean most clouds at low

407
00:18:07,480 --> 00:18:05,270
altitude comprised of liquid water it's

408
00:18:09,490 --> 00:18:07,490
just you know trillions of very very

409
00:18:12,760 --> 00:18:09,500
small droplets of water in suspension

410
00:18:16,180 --> 00:18:12,770
and that little cloud will evaporate

411
00:18:19,270 --> 00:18:16,190
very quickly even I'm a fairly cold day

412
00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:19,280
but if the temperature is lower than

413
00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:23,570
minus 40 then those tiny little droplets

414
00:18:27,940 --> 00:18:25,970
of water which a pure water will just

415
00:18:29,680 --> 00:18:27,950
freeze by themselves normally you know

416
00:18:30,880 --> 00:18:29,690
they wouldn't freeze because they're

417
00:18:33,340 --> 00:18:30,890
pure water and they're not touching

418
00:18:35,170 --> 00:18:33,350
anything but because it gets below this

419
00:18:37,120 --> 00:18:35,180
magic temperature of minus 40 the

420
00:18:39,580 --> 00:18:37,130
homogeneous nucleation ice nucleation

421
00:18:44,620 --> 00:18:39,590
temperature they freeze by themselves

422
00:18:50,070 --> 00:18:44,630
and they turn into ice and ice has a

423
00:18:53,980 --> 00:18:50,080
different humidity at which it will

424
00:18:56,850 --> 00:18:53,990
persist than water so when it freezes

425
00:19:00,760 --> 00:18:56,860
that kind of locks in the contrail

426
00:19:02,470 --> 00:19:00,770
there's two types of relative humidity

427
00:19:04,690 --> 00:19:02,480
you may have seen as relative humidity

428
00:19:06,550 --> 00:19:04,700
with respect to water and there's

429
00:19:10,090 --> 00:19:06,560
relatively relative humidity with

430
00:19:10,840 --> 00:19:10,100
respect to ice and you can convert one

431
00:19:13,240 --> 00:19:10,850
to the other

432
00:19:16,390 --> 00:19:13,250
and it turns out that the relative

433
00:19:18,490 --> 00:19:16,400
humidity with respect to ice is a

434
00:19:21,910 --> 00:19:18,500
hundred percent when the relative

435
00:19:24,130 --> 00:19:21,920
humidity with respect to water is only

436
00:19:25,750 --> 00:19:24,140
around like 60 or 70 percent or

437
00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:25,760
sometimes even lower it depends on the

438
00:19:32,500 --> 00:19:29,210
temperature so you can have a clear sky

439
00:19:34,570 --> 00:19:32,510
with no clouds in it and if you were to

440
00:19:36,730 --> 00:19:34,580
put you know or water cloud into that it

441
00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:36,740
would evaporate but if it's cold enough

442
00:19:41,260 --> 00:19:38,810
that water cloud will freeze into a nice

443
00:19:43,390 --> 00:19:41,270
cloud and then the humidity being like

444
00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:43,400
60 or 70 percent is then high enough for

445
00:19:46,990 --> 00:19:45,650
that ice cloud to persist and that's

446
00:19:49,030 --> 00:19:47,000
what happens with contrails with the

447
00:19:51,670 --> 00:19:49,040
exhaust contrails it's a bit different

448
00:19:55,090 --> 00:19:51,680
for aerodynamic better it's similar

449
00:19:56,890 --> 00:19:55,100
physics so you're saying that at minus

450
00:19:59,260 --> 00:19:56,900
40 you do not need a condensation

451
00:20:02,980 --> 00:19:59,270
nucleus that is correct yes you do not

452
00:20:06,790 --> 00:20:02,990
need a condensation nucleus for freezing

453
00:20:10,120 --> 00:20:06,800
you need comes well you don't really

454
00:20:12,130 --> 00:20:10,130
need a conversational nucleus that

455
00:20:13,840 --> 00:20:12,140
there's that this some complication is

456
00:20:15,250 --> 00:20:13,850
here because there's ice condensation

457
00:20:17,740 --> 00:20:15,260
nuclei and there's water condensation

458
00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:17,750
nuclei which are different things if

459
00:20:21,990 --> 00:20:19,850
there were ice condensation nuclei in

460
00:20:27,669 --> 00:20:22,000
the air you would actually get a cloud

461
00:20:30,460 --> 00:20:27,679
but ice requires a very specific type of

462
00:20:32,590 --> 00:20:30,470
molecular structure on which to condense

463
00:20:33,760 --> 00:20:32,600
water is much less picky water will

464
00:20:37,390 --> 00:20:33,770
condense on just about everything

465
00:20:39,340 --> 00:20:37,400
anything and there's always water

466
00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:39,350
condensation nuclei in the air which is

467
00:20:43,419 --> 00:20:41,690
where you see clouds all the time every

468
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:43,429
time you see like a cloud up in the air

469
00:20:47,440 --> 00:20:45,410
it's formed because it's forming on

470
00:20:50,110 --> 00:20:47,450
basically things like mineral dust and

471
00:20:51,190 --> 00:20:50,120
salt and you know sulfur particles and

472
00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:51,200
things like that which are in the air

473
00:20:57,160 --> 00:20:52,850
normally because the axis water

474
00:20:58,780 --> 00:20:57,170
condensation nuclei now ice clouds they

475
00:21:01,960 --> 00:20:58,790
they're a bit different they they're a

476
00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:01,970
little harder to form so when when the

477
00:21:05,980 --> 00:21:03,290
plane is shooting things out the back

478
00:21:11,549 --> 00:21:05,990
it's the water forms on water

479
00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:11,559
condensation nuclei the ice requires

480
00:21:19,780 --> 00:21:16,250
that water to freeze and it won't form

481
00:21:21,460 --> 00:21:19,790
if it doesn't freeze so you need that

482
00:21:28,510 --> 00:21:21,470
that kind of magic temperature of minus

483
00:21:34,120 --> 00:21:28,520
40 okay and so once the plane by way the

484
00:21:38,950 --> 00:21:34,130
temperature that there's the the super

485
00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:38,960
humidity that was in the exhaust of the

486
00:21:49,360 --> 00:21:41,690
plane is long gone it gets back to you

487
00:21:53,320 --> 00:21:49,370
know normal stable red shouldn't there

488
00:21:56,799 --> 00:21:53,330
shouldn't land the I mean ice cube but

489
00:22:00,250 --> 00:21:56,809
you leave an ice cube out it'll it'll

490
00:22:02,950 --> 00:22:00,260
lose ice like well if you okay but if

491
00:22:04,780 --> 00:22:02,960
you leave it in the Sun I mean yeah it

492
00:22:06,460 --> 00:22:04,790
can melt but if you keep it cold if you

493
00:22:09,040 --> 00:22:06,470
keep it below freezing it will still

494
00:22:13,950 --> 00:22:09,050
reduce ice work the mass will come off

495
00:22:17,450 --> 00:22:13,960
yeah so how in a situation where it is

496
00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:17,460
less than you know

497
00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:21,490
100% rxi how could how could a I put

498
00:22:25,320 --> 00:22:23,530
that crystal grow and spread well the

499
00:22:28,740 --> 00:22:25,330
thing is he it wouldn't if it was below

500
00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:28,750
100 percent RH I it canopies below 100

501
00:22:35,340 --> 00:22:32,290
percent RH W it needs to have higher

502
00:22:39,090 --> 00:22:35,350
than 100% relative humidity with respect

503
00:22:42,690 --> 00:22:39,100
to ice and you know that is something

504
00:22:44,610 --> 00:22:42,700
around 50 to 70 percent of relative

505
00:22:45,960 --> 00:22:44,620
humidity with respect to water which is

506
00:22:48,840 --> 00:22:45,970
the normal thing that you see measured

507
00:22:51,270 --> 00:22:48,850
ba does need he does need a hundred so

508
00:22:54,390 --> 00:22:51,280
if you see a contrail that was existing

509
00:22:56,910 --> 00:22:54,400
in conditions that you know to have low

510
00:22:58,230 --> 00:22:56,920
humidity with respect to ice then that

511
00:23:00,810 --> 00:22:58,240
would obviously be something that's very

512
00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:00,820
suspicious but the problem there is that

513
00:23:06,110 --> 00:23:03,970
it's very difficult to know what the

514
00:23:08,070 --> 00:23:06,120
relative humidity of something is

515
00:23:10,710 --> 00:23:08,080
without actually going there and

516
00:23:13,710 --> 00:23:10,720
measuring it he would had to come very

517
00:23:17,460 --> 00:23:13,720
vastly from one parcel there to the next

518
00:23:20,010 --> 00:23:17,470
if you think about I say clouds the

519
00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:20,020
humidity in a cloud is over a hundred

520
00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:22,650
percent the humidity outside of cloud is

521
00:23:28,710 --> 00:23:26,250
below a hundred percent so it can vary

522
00:23:30,390 --> 00:23:28,720
in the distance from the inside to the

523
00:23:33,780 --> 00:23:30,400
outside of a cloud and it's just the

524
00:23:36,180 --> 00:23:33,790
same in a clipless sky even if you can't

525
00:23:38,610 --> 00:23:36,190
see it those areas of humidity are still

526
00:23:43,340 --> 00:23:38,620
there so you still get this variation in

527
00:23:46,919 --> 00:23:43,350
humidity so you it you can't really

528
00:23:49,350 --> 00:23:46,929
easily tell what the humidity is by

529
00:23:51,930 --> 00:23:49,360
looking up at a plane you know looking

530
00:23:54,720 --> 00:23:51,940
about a region of sky there's no way

531
00:23:56,340 --> 00:23:54,730
really of other than the fact that

532
00:23:57,840 --> 00:23:56,350
contrails are forming and contrails are

533
00:23:59,970 --> 00:23:57,850
actually one of the best indications of

534
00:24:02,310 --> 00:23:59,980
what the humidity is other than that is

535
00:24:06,900 --> 00:24:02,320
no easy way of telling what the humidity

536
00:24:10,410 --> 00:24:06,910
actually is sort of jump in I'll play

537
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:10,420
devil's advocate why not there are

538
00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:12,910
there's there's plenty of videos where

539
00:24:20,610 --> 00:24:17,530
you see the plane and it looked like

540
00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:20,620
it's leaving a dotted line yeah is that

541
00:24:26,250 --> 00:24:23,050
is that because the would you say like

542
00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:26,260
these are warm or hot wet or dry pockets

543
00:24:29,190 --> 00:24:27,850
are that close together yeah yeah

544
00:24:30,060 --> 00:24:29,200
absolutely I mean that's what I was

545
00:24:32,580 --> 00:24:30,070
saying earlier

546
00:24:36,210 --> 00:24:32,590
with clouds if you look at say a cloudy

547
00:24:40,350 --> 00:24:36,220
sky that isn't 100% overcast this Apache

548
00:24:42,620 --> 00:24:40,360
cloudy sky now if you can have imagine a

549
00:24:45,810 --> 00:24:42,630
plane flying through those clouds and

550
00:24:47,070 --> 00:24:45,820
let's say it was just it was some type

551
00:24:49,890 --> 00:24:47,080
of plane that was changing the color of

552
00:24:52,290 --> 00:24:49,900
the clouds so whenever it flew through a

553
00:24:53,940 --> 00:24:52,300
cloud it changed the color of the bit it

554
00:24:55,740 --> 00:24:53,950
flew through so you can see these red

555
00:24:58,620 --> 00:24:55,750
lines or whatever as the plane through

556
00:25:00,510 --> 00:24:58,630
blue flew the cloud you know that type

557
00:25:02,820 --> 00:25:00,520
of patchiness is just is still there

558
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:02,830
when the clouds are there so if you

559
00:25:07,860 --> 00:25:05,410
could imagine that same sky and take

560
00:25:09,750 --> 00:25:07,870
away these patchy clouds and then have a

561
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:09,760
plane fly through those areas and

562
00:25:14,250 --> 00:25:12,010
wherever it flies through where one of

563
00:25:17,220 --> 00:25:14,260
the clouds used to be it leaves a trail

564
00:25:21,450 --> 00:25:17,230
of cloud as its triggering the formation

565
00:25:24,660 --> 00:25:21,460
of clouds in that that region and that's

566
00:25:28,260 --> 00:25:24,670
why you see these these breaks in in the

567
00:25:30,810 --> 00:25:28,270
trails because you've got variations in

568
00:25:33,660 --> 00:25:30,820
in humidity usually but you know

569
00:25:35,810 --> 00:25:33,670
humidity relative humidity but also in

570
00:25:39,180 --> 00:25:35,820
temperature you see things like rising

571
00:25:40,380 --> 00:25:39,190
areas of you know convection and things

572
00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:40,390
like that but it could just be just

573
00:25:45,380 --> 00:25:40,930
normal

574
00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:47,820
actually ripples do you do anything

575
00:25:53,340 --> 00:25:50,290
about it I mean sure it's been brought

576
00:26:00,330 --> 00:25:53,350
up to there's I look on the NASA world

577
00:26:04,320 --> 00:26:00,340
view it's been seeing a lot of what you

578
00:26:06,240 --> 00:26:04,330
would probably call gravity waves they

579
00:26:09,570 --> 00:26:06,250
look like basically like ripples like

580
00:26:11,460 --> 00:26:09,580
you know when like in a low tide when

581
00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:11,470
the sea goes back and forth you have

582
00:26:16,710 --> 00:26:14,110
that sort of like grid pattern in on the

583
00:26:18,780 --> 00:26:16,720
sea and I know when you have two air

584
00:26:23,130 --> 00:26:18,790
masses going over each other you have

585
00:26:30,540 --> 00:26:23,140
these believe this ripple effect I have

586
00:26:33,990 --> 00:26:30,550
I have seen increasingly these ripples

587
00:26:36,870 --> 00:26:34,000
all over the place but I've seen them in

588
00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:36,880
the same area with different wavelengths

589
00:26:42,720 --> 00:26:40,690
and different directions multiple I mean

590
00:26:43,919 --> 00:26:42,730
maybe I could send you some some

591
00:26:46,859 --> 00:26:43,929
pictures for that

592
00:26:50,389 --> 00:26:46,869
it cannot be explained by air masses

593
00:26:54,930 --> 00:26:50,399
well the atmosphere is essentially a

594
00:26:57,180 --> 00:26:54,940
fluid but so yeah the principles of

595
00:27:01,139 --> 00:26:57,190
fluid mechanics apply to it and it's

596
00:27:04,169 --> 00:27:01,149
it's the atmosphere is is very very tall

597
00:27:06,509 --> 00:27:04,179
yeah the atmospheres going up to seven

598
00:27:08,909 --> 00:27:06,519
miles or so where clouds in the region

599
00:27:10,649 --> 00:27:08,919
with clouds form and so there's regions

600
00:27:13,049 --> 00:27:10,659
of it moving in different directions you

601
00:27:15,779 --> 00:27:13,059
could have the air at one altitude

602
00:27:19,009 --> 00:27:15,789
moving like Northwest at 10 miles an

603
00:27:22,259 --> 00:27:19,019
hour and then have it moving southeast

604
00:27:24,389 --> 00:27:22,269
50 miles an hour like a mile above that

605
00:27:26,190 --> 00:27:24,399
so you can have all these different

606
00:27:28,409 --> 00:27:26,200
layers of the atmosphere that can do

607
00:27:31,799 --> 00:27:28,419
completely different things so it's

608
00:27:33,570 --> 00:27:31,809
quite possible to get ripples in the air

609
00:27:35,279 --> 00:27:33,580
moving in one direction and ripples in

610
00:27:37,859 --> 00:27:35,289
the air moving in another direction I

611
00:27:39,749 --> 00:27:37,869
think this is perhaps not entirely

612
00:27:41,310 --> 00:27:39,759
intuitive because when we think of

613
00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:41,320
ripples we think of ripples on the

614
00:27:46,580 --> 00:27:43,570
surface of things like you think of

615
00:27:48,980 --> 00:27:46,590
ripples on the surface of the water

616
00:27:52,259 --> 00:27:48,990
which is the most common

617
00:27:53,759 --> 00:27:52,269
ripples that we have but these are more

618
00:27:56,850 --> 00:27:53,769
three-dimensional ripples they're not

619
00:27:59,549 --> 00:27:56,860
really on the surface of things they're

620
00:28:02,100 --> 00:27:59,559
kind of at a level like between two air

621
00:28:04,230 --> 00:28:02,110
masses but there's lots of different you

622
00:28:05,850 --> 00:28:04,240
know essentially surfaces all the way up

623
00:28:07,470 --> 00:28:05,860
when you go through the atmosphere so

624
00:28:09,930 --> 00:28:07,480
you could say there's the interface

625
00:28:12,180 --> 00:28:09,940
between like 10,000 feet and 12,000 feet

626
00:28:14,070 --> 00:28:12,190
then between 12,000 feet and 14,000 feet

627
00:28:17,369 --> 00:28:14,080
yeah yeah so you can have all these

628
00:28:18,529 --> 00:28:17,379
completely different layers so the fact

629
00:28:20,279 --> 00:28:18,539
that you get ripples in two directions

630
00:28:23,009 --> 00:28:20,289
doesn't really mean anything

631
00:28:25,619 --> 00:28:23,019
and the variation but actually several

632
00:28:29,940 --> 00:28:25,629
directions yeah eight or nine directions

633
00:28:30,989 --> 00:28:29,950
in the same area and they yeah but I'm

634
00:28:32,909 --> 00:28:30,999
talking about ones where you they're

635
00:28:37,379 --> 00:28:32,919
overlapping each other you can see that

636
00:28:38,999 --> 00:28:37,389
oh yeah crisscross yeah yes you see two

637
00:28:41,820 --> 00:28:39,009
things you see this in the ocean there

638
00:28:45,090 --> 00:28:41,830
are actually there's a few places where

639
00:28:47,700 --> 00:28:45,100
you do actually see it on the surface of

640
00:28:49,830 --> 00:28:47,710
the ocean because of the way a bay forms

641
00:28:51,629 --> 00:28:49,840
is a lot harder to get in the ocean than

642
00:28:54,359 --> 00:28:51,639
in the atmosphere but you can actually

643
00:28:57,450 --> 00:28:54,369
see these these ripples actually at the

644
00:28:59,909 --> 00:28:57,460
same yeah the same water level

645
00:29:00,690 --> 00:28:59,919
each other it's pretty interesting but

646
00:29:04,830 --> 00:29:00,700
yeah

647
00:29:07,490 --> 00:29:04,840
you there's nothing to stop ripples

648
00:29:09,990 --> 00:29:07,500
forming in different directions even

649
00:29:12,659 --> 00:29:10,000
over the same area but certainly in the

650
00:29:14,820 --> 00:29:12,669
same region the wind direction could be

651
00:29:17,159 --> 00:29:14,830
very chaotic not only at different

652
00:29:19,680 --> 00:29:17,169
altitudes but in you know fairly close

653
00:29:20,940 --> 00:29:19,690
proximity within like a few tens or

654
00:29:22,980 --> 00:29:20,950
hundreds of miles you know you're

655
00:29:26,630 --> 00:29:22,990
looking at satellite images you're

656
00:29:29,180 --> 00:29:26,640
looking at pretty pretty broad areas

657
00:29:33,019 --> 00:29:29,190
yeah I don't I don't really see anything

658
00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:33,029
untoward there and if you look at like

659
00:29:37,409 --> 00:29:35,770
older satellite images they they show up

660
00:29:42,330 --> 00:29:37,419
in those as well I've got a great book

661
00:29:47,130 --> 00:29:42,340
called spacious skies by richest scorer

662
00:29:49,110 --> 00:29:47,140
and Arian their cake and it's got a

663
00:29:52,049 --> 00:29:49,120
whole bunch of satellite images from the

664
00:29:53,789 --> 00:29:52,059
1980s and they show things like this and

665
00:29:55,019 --> 00:29:53,799
you know that basically is that for the

666
00:29:56,940 --> 00:29:55,029
same now house they were before

667
00:29:59,519 --> 00:29:56,950
of course now we've got earth view so

668
00:30:04,980 --> 00:29:59,529
you can spend all day looking at it so

669
00:30:07,590 --> 00:30:04,990
you can slice maybe like a side note

670
00:30:10,799 --> 00:30:07,600
here do you know there's a repository

671
00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:10,809
because like before I think it's like

672
00:30:20,460 --> 00:30:15,490
2005 2008 they mislaid their imagery did

673
00:30:23,730 --> 00:30:20,470
anyone else say that you know so yeah

674
00:30:28,620 --> 00:30:23,740
there there's there are repositories of

675
00:30:31,710 --> 00:30:28,630
various satellites I don't I mean I I do

676
00:30:34,529 --> 00:30:31,720
like the I mean that the world uses it

677
00:30:36,419 --> 00:30:34,539
looks it's way easier on the eye than

678
00:30:38,340 --> 00:30:36,429
you know like the radar any ones and

679
00:30:40,919 --> 00:30:38,350
stuff would it be I think they had like

680
00:30:42,840 --> 00:30:40,929
some sort of the claim that they had

681
00:30:44,130 --> 00:30:42,850
some simple drive crash and they lost it

682
00:30:46,019 --> 00:30:44,140
they did not look back what or something

683
00:30:47,789 --> 00:30:46,029
well you know the satellites their Terra

684
00:30:50,730 --> 00:30:47,799
and Aqua satellites that they used yes

685
00:30:52,769 --> 00:30:50,740
they only go back that far I'm not sure

686
00:30:54,360 --> 00:30:52,779
when they were actually launched you

687
00:30:56,220 --> 00:30:54,370
know just I'm just looking at will dude

688
00:30:59,340 --> 00:30:56,230
right now I want to see oh no it's dead

689
00:31:01,049 --> 00:30:59,350
stops on January 1st the 2008 and I

690
00:31:03,269 --> 00:31:01,059
think if you go try to go back one day

691
00:31:05,220 --> 00:31:03,279
it'll start dead but they used to be

692
00:31:10,490 --> 00:31:05,230
there but it's not there I'm seeing I'm

693
00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:14,600
maybe they fix it Hey Oh that was a

694
00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:17,370
sidenote another satellite thing that

695
00:31:23,570 --> 00:31:21,330
I've seen are these very sharp edged

696
00:31:25,910 --> 00:31:23,580
clouds that are becoming increasingly

697
00:31:28,880 --> 00:31:25,920
common at least they seemed increasingly

698
00:31:30,350 --> 00:31:28,890
common to make you know it just looks

699
00:31:32,090 --> 00:31:30,360
like they've been carved because I like

700
00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:32,100
before you start nice some of them are

701
00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:39,050
dead straight but others have come to be

702
00:31:44,870 --> 00:31:43,170
they they're very transitory cloud you

703
00:31:46,910 --> 00:31:44,880
don't they don't last very often the

704
00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:46,920
problem is like when you see them on a

705
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:48,330
world view you know you're only getting

706
00:31:53,720 --> 00:31:50,910
one image a day are you getting to tell

707
00:31:55,910 --> 00:31:53,730
you three actually me aqua and Terra

708
00:31:57,470 --> 00:31:55,920
yeah but that there yeah that you

709
00:31:59,090 --> 00:31:57,480
generally don't see very much

710
00:32:00,560 --> 00:31:59,100
development because they're they're so

711
00:32:03,290 --> 00:32:00,570
far apart in terms of time I think

712
00:32:06,560 --> 00:32:03,300
they're like two hours well the the well

713
00:32:07,880 --> 00:32:06,570
Tara goes over first and then Aquin so

714
00:32:10,490 --> 00:32:07,890
they are pretty close to each other

715
00:32:16,160 --> 00:32:10,500
right well but the what we have now is

716
00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:16,170
the goes sixteen satellite which was is

717
00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:18,330
not quite operational yet but it does

718
00:32:24,560 --> 00:32:21,450
actually there are viewers online this

719
00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:24,570
one called slider I think he just

720
00:32:30,620 --> 00:32:28,110
probably Google for goes six yeah I'm

721
00:32:37,070 --> 00:32:30,630
looking at our series after if that's

722
00:32:41,690 --> 00:32:37,080
slider I can send you a link to it yeah

723
00:32:45,370 --> 00:32:41,700
it's it's it's basically a full disk

724
00:32:51,130 --> 00:32:45,380
view of the earth and it's updated every

725
00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:51,140
15 minutes so you can oh oh you can get

726
00:32:57,550 --> 00:32:53,730
animations of these clouds forming and

727
00:33:02,810 --> 00:32:57,560
you can actually see contrails forming

728
00:33:05,480 --> 00:33:02,820
yeah so it's the rambi slider or a site

729
00:33:15,110 --> 00:33:05,490
I'll just drop your link currently

730
00:33:17,750 --> 00:33:15,120
flying so yeah I just sent you a link to

731
00:33:19,940 --> 00:33:17,760
it and if you click on that it it

732
00:33:23,240 --> 00:33:19,950
actually shows you a full disk version

733
00:33:25,520 --> 00:33:23,250
of what a full disk image

734
00:33:27,140 --> 00:33:25,530
from a geostationary satellite which is

735
00:33:31,220 --> 00:33:27,150
fairly high resolution it's not as high

736
00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:31,230
as a school yeah that the the sites a

737
00:33:34,940 --> 00:33:33,450
little clunky at the moment yeah I find

738
00:33:36,740 --> 00:33:34,950
it best to zoom right in and then

739
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:36,750
refresh so you can see what's going on

740
00:33:41,450 --> 00:33:39,210
it can be zooming over California right

741
00:33:48,640 --> 00:33:41,460
now you'll see some ripple clouds to the

742
00:33:51,980 --> 00:33:48,650
north of LA and you'll see that we're

743
00:33:57,049 --> 00:33:51,990
close yeah you should be able to just

744
00:33:58,669 --> 00:33:57,059
double click to zoom in okay oh I would

745
00:34:00,140 --> 00:33:58,679
zoom in and then then refresh the page

746
00:34:04,039 --> 00:34:00,150
when you get to where you want to go

747
00:34:05,149 --> 00:34:04,049
because it's otherwise it misses up but

748
00:34:07,159 --> 00:34:05,159
yeah this is a very good way of looking

749
00:34:08,830 --> 00:34:07,169
at how these clouds form and to your

750
00:34:11,270 --> 00:34:08,840
point about square clouds

751
00:34:13,099 --> 00:34:11,280
there's no no not the square ones but

752
00:34:14,629 --> 00:34:13,109
the ones that look like they've been cut

753
00:34:19,879 --> 00:34:14,639
right

754
00:34:22,250 --> 00:34:19,889
yeah that's it's basically just two air

755
00:34:24,050 --> 00:34:22,260
masses pushing against each other the

756
00:34:25,550 --> 00:34:24,060
clouds are forming in one and then

757
00:34:27,260 --> 00:34:25,560
there's another air mass which is a

758
00:34:29,810 --> 00:34:27,270
different different temperature and then

759
00:34:32,149 --> 00:34:29,820
you get oh by the way thanks for this is

760
00:34:34,310 --> 00:34:32,159
awesome isn't really cool yeah look at

761
00:34:38,990 --> 00:34:34,320
the animation along the the border with

762
00:34:40,310 --> 00:34:39,000
Mexico yeah you can see like yeah if you

763
00:34:42,409 --> 00:34:40,320
look off the coast there you'll see the

764
00:34:45,139 --> 00:34:42,419
ripples forming in the in the ocean

765
00:34:47,810 --> 00:34:45,149
there all right yeah see so it's pretty

766
00:34:49,399 --> 00:34:47,820
cool and you can you can you can see it

767
00:34:51,230 --> 00:34:49,409
gives a lot much better view as to how

768
00:34:53,450 --> 00:34:51,240
these clouds form rather than the

769
00:34:57,349 --> 00:34:53,460
snapshot that you get with with world

770
00:34:59,990 --> 00:34:57,359
view and like if you look at the ones

771
00:35:02,570 --> 00:35:00,000
off the coast of Mexico you follow the

772
00:35:04,550 --> 00:35:02,580
Mexican border out and pass that first

773
00:35:05,990 --> 00:35:04,560
island then you see some ripples and

774
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:06,000
they're kind of pointing towards that

775
00:35:15,349 --> 00:35:12,210
other little round island which I'm not

776
00:35:21,190 --> 00:35:15,359
sure what that is but there's a you can

777
00:35:24,829 --> 00:35:21,200
see I've seen those you'll see it in the

778
00:35:26,450 --> 00:35:24,839
like what you know they're known over an

779
00:35:28,390 --> 00:35:26,460
island it'll leave it throw like a wake

780
00:35:31,010 --> 00:35:28,400
of this [\h__\h] yeah there's a leeway yeah

781
00:35:33,140 --> 00:35:31,020
which are your gravity waves but it's

782
00:35:35,960 --> 00:35:33,150
just the greatly amplified by passing

783
00:35:36,750 --> 00:35:35,970
over the island the other ways I just

784
00:35:38,880 --> 00:35:36,760
just

785
00:35:43,830 --> 00:35:38,890
regular basically as the air being

786
00:35:46,020 --> 00:35:43,840
squished and and rippled yes that's a

787
00:35:47,220 --> 00:35:46,030
fun thing but yet so straight-edged is

788
00:35:49,290 --> 00:35:47,230
in clouds

789
00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:49,300
that's generally you know like it's a

790
00:35:53,520 --> 00:35:51,370
front essentially if you you know about

791
00:35:58,260 --> 00:35:53,530
weather fronts and you see them on the

792
00:36:00,660 --> 00:35:58,270
weather and they are roughly straight

793
00:36:03,570 --> 00:36:00,670
lines yeah they're in places like

794
00:36:05,700 --> 00:36:03,580
they're often like long curved lines but

795
00:36:07,530 --> 00:36:05,710
look if you look at them locally they're

796
00:36:08,970 --> 00:36:07,540
actually you know they're not curving

797
00:36:11,430 --> 00:36:08,980
that much so they're essentially fairly

798
00:36:12,960 --> 00:36:11,440
straight so on one side of that line

799
00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:12,970
you've got warm air and the other side

800
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:14,530
you've got cold air which makes the

801
00:36:20,430 --> 00:36:17,410
cloud formation different and so as

802
00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:20,440
there's those those fronts move around

803
00:36:24,780 --> 00:36:22,090
and they're pushed around by the big

804
00:36:27,770 --> 00:36:24,790
masses of air you will get these

805
00:36:38,310 --> 00:36:27,780
straight edges in the cloud banks I

806
00:36:41,190 --> 00:36:38,320
don't see any on there there's some

807
00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:41,200
cloud or some contrails down the bottom

808
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:42,930
of Baja which look kind of interesting

809
00:36:48,150 --> 00:36:45,610
well there's usually quite a lot of

810
00:36:50,280 --> 00:36:48,160
activity there I notice yeah just a

811
00:36:54,310 --> 00:36:50,290
tourist right just at the top of the

812
00:36:54,320 --> 00:36:58,250
[Music]

813
00:37:01,890 --> 00:37:00,600
your your your viewers can't see what

814
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:01,900
your listeners can't see what we're

815
00:37:11,820 --> 00:37:09,610
looking at so Fred oh is actually a

816
00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:11,830
really good example of the leeward then

817
00:37:19,410 --> 00:37:16,930
I'm looking at South Georgia Georgia

818
00:37:20,850 --> 00:37:19,420
Rose Ann next to Alabama no no yeah I

819
00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:20,860
mean we're from the same place when you

820
00:37:24,510 --> 00:37:22,170
actually know where South Georgia's

821
00:37:26,130 --> 00:37:24,520
remember like the island with a fault oh

822
00:37:31,010 --> 00:37:26,140
right okay that was the first place that

823
00:37:33,930 --> 00:37:31,020
we've been like a man like Yorkshire

824
00:37:35,850 --> 00:37:33,940
right oh yes I was born in Yorkshire I

825
00:37:39,540 --> 00:37:35,860
went to university in Manchester and

826
00:37:44,910 --> 00:37:39,550
lived there for a while yeah so there's

827
00:37:46,260 --> 00:37:44,920
a bunch of nines yes I drove back and

828
00:37:47,520 --> 00:37:46,270
forth a few times yeah there's a bunch

829
00:37:48,870 --> 00:37:47,530
of Georgia's like I always get confused

830
00:37:50,490 --> 00:37:48,880
which one people refer to there's

831
00:37:52,710 --> 00:37:50,500
Georgia the state there's George

832
00:37:54,980 --> 00:37:52,720
the the Eastern European country and

833
00:37:58,400 --> 00:37:54,990
then this South Georgia which which is

834
00:38:02,190 --> 00:37:58,410
one of the which are dead which island

835
00:38:04,410 --> 00:38:02,200
it's well it's it's it's basically when

836
00:38:06,890 --> 00:38:04,420
you go Falklands and take a left at the

837
00:38:12,990 --> 00:38:06,900
Falklands wait a minute it's east of

838
00:38:16,350 --> 00:38:13,000
Auckland about yeah okay yeah well down

839
00:38:18,510 --> 00:38:16,360
there something because they had they

840
00:38:20,430 --> 00:38:18,520
had the fishermen they remember when

841
00:38:23,430 --> 00:38:20,440
they yeah that was the first the first

842
00:38:29,460 --> 00:38:23,440
invasion wasn't it yeah yeah that's a

843
00:38:31,430 --> 00:38:29,470
nice kind of a straight-edged cloud yeah

844
00:38:33,540 --> 00:38:31,440
it doesn't really look like anything

845
00:38:35,730 --> 00:38:33,550
anyway but yeah we're looking at these

846
00:38:37,140 --> 00:38:35,740
clouds and the there's you look at the

847
00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:37,150
size of the earth like he'd be zoom back

848
00:38:41,370 --> 00:38:38,970
out and you look at how big it is and

849
00:38:42,570 --> 00:38:41,380
you see how many clouds there are and

850
00:38:45,150 --> 00:38:42,580
then you you know you watch the

851
00:38:46,890 --> 00:38:45,160
animation of the entire globe and you're

852
00:38:48,660 --> 00:38:46,900
bound to get some odd shapes at some

853
00:38:51,060 --> 00:38:48,670
point somewhere it's just inevitable

854
00:38:52,620 --> 00:38:51,070
there's just there's you know if you're

855
00:38:55,230 --> 00:38:52,630
looking at this thing right now there's

856
00:38:57,540 --> 00:38:55,240
probably like 10,000 different clouds

857
00:39:00,330 --> 00:38:57,550
that you could say something about and

858
00:39:03,810 --> 00:39:00,340
if you play the animation they're just

859
00:39:05,970 --> 00:39:03,820
changing every 15 minutes so if you

860
00:39:09,930 --> 00:39:05,980
spent time looking at these images

861
00:39:13,650 --> 00:39:09,940
you're going to see weird clouds you

862
00:39:16,710 --> 00:39:13,660
couldn't help but see them actually

863
00:39:18,390 --> 00:39:16,720
speaking of weird clothes so I've been

864
00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:18,400
obviously paying attention for a while

865
00:39:24,270 --> 00:39:21,490
I've seen these ones that I call to

866
00:39:25,740 --> 00:39:24,280
repeat words you know domain you have a

867
00:39:27,240 --> 00:39:25,750
cloud and I think there's actually a

868
00:39:30,690 --> 00:39:27,250
name for they've got added to the Cloud

869
00:39:33,150 --> 00:39:30,700
Atlas which I'll close I call I column

870
00:39:34,620 --> 00:39:33,160
drippy clouds is a cloud and there's

871
00:39:37,470 --> 00:39:34,630
stuff that looks like it's coming out

872
00:39:39,420 --> 00:39:37,480
like it's a little like when you see

873
00:39:41,490 --> 00:39:39,430
like a rain storm when there's stuff

874
00:39:44,730 --> 00:39:41,500
coming then we see rainfall about here

875
00:39:46,530 --> 00:39:44,740
but it's this stuff it's like you have a

876
00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:46,540
cloud in place and this stuff sort of

877
00:39:50,490 --> 00:39:48,850
comes out and sort of gets sort of blow

878
00:39:53,010 --> 00:39:50,500
and slightly away it looks like it's a

879
00:39:55,140 --> 00:39:53,020
slightly heavier thing yeah that's

880
00:40:00,360 --> 00:39:55,150
probably I'm thinking you're referring

881
00:40:03,720 --> 00:40:00,370
to verga vir GA it's one of the new

882
00:40:06,990 --> 00:40:03,730
cloud atlas ones actually haven't known

883
00:40:08,430 --> 00:40:07,000
that this jellyfish cloud is yeah the

884
00:40:12,090 --> 00:40:08,440
jellyfish cloud yeah

885
00:40:29,070 --> 00:40:12,100
those I mean it's not really a Oh shows

886
00:40:32,820 --> 00:40:29,080
me the crappy movie I think they were

887
00:40:34,620 --> 00:40:32,830
included in the new a new name they call

888
00:40:37,190 --> 00:40:34,630
them see I'm seeing one site they're

889
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:37,200
called some altocumulus Castiel honest

890
00:40:46,020 --> 00:40:39,910
but they're really just high altitude

891
00:40:49,650 --> 00:40:46,030
clouds with precipitation and the

892
00:40:51,540 --> 00:40:49,660
precipitation evaporates or melt

893
00:40:53,250 --> 00:40:51,550
you know evaporates a bit before he gets

894
00:40:56,190 --> 00:40:53,260
to the ground so you see these these

895
00:40:58,710 --> 00:40:56,200
dangles of precipitation but they're

896
00:41:02,130 --> 00:40:58,720
they're falling into regions of air

897
00:41:04,890 --> 00:41:02,140
which have much lower humidity so the

898
00:41:08,250 --> 00:41:04,900
the precipitation evaporates before it

899
00:41:11,790 --> 00:41:08,260
reaches the ground and the jellyfish

900
00:41:14,849 --> 00:41:11,800
cloud is really just as a specific shape

901
00:41:16,940 --> 00:41:14,859
of cloud that does this type of

902
00:41:19,400 --> 00:41:16,950
precipitation

903
00:41:22,380 --> 00:41:19,410
yeah they look they look pretty weird

904
00:41:28,470 --> 00:41:22,390
sometimes you see them perform from a

905
00:41:32,670 --> 00:41:28,480
contrail it's pretty rare you see on the

906
00:41:43,530 --> 00:41:32,680
the the new Cloud Atlas and I'm sure you

907
00:41:50,760 --> 00:41:43,540
have the same thing Haven hole-punch

908
00:41:55,620 --> 00:41:50,770
clouds yeah I I saw this came across

909
00:42:00,650 --> 00:41:55,630
this Popular Mechanics article from

910
00:42:03,540 --> 00:42:00,660
another 50 they're talking about like

911
00:42:06,330 --> 00:42:03,550
Brahma gets work with GAE back in the

912
00:42:08,520 --> 00:42:06,340
50s 60s row seating and they showed that

913
00:42:11,550 --> 00:42:08,530
one where they can do that with a dry

914
00:42:12,030 --> 00:42:11,560
ice yeah yeah well you're good you're

915
00:42:13,950 --> 00:42:12,040
good

916
00:42:16,650 --> 00:42:13,960
make a hole punch punch Claire with dry

917
00:42:17,850 --> 00:42:16,660
ice I mean and I think isn't the

918
00:42:19,170 --> 00:42:17,860
official line

919
00:42:21,180 --> 00:42:19,180
the whole plant supplies it supplying

920
00:42:24,330 --> 00:42:21,190
flying through them that makes it yeah

921
00:42:26,610 --> 00:42:24,340
generally it's it almost always would

922
00:42:29,220 --> 00:42:26,620
seem to be a plane flying through them

923
00:42:32,670 --> 00:42:29,230
but the whole bunch clouds the one you

924
00:42:34,080 --> 00:42:32,680
saw I think in the you know the

925
00:42:35,790 --> 00:42:34,090
black-and-white picture of like the long

926
00:42:39,300 --> 00:42:35,800
like kind of it leaves them along for

927
00:42:40,830 --> 00:42:39,310
Allah Pharaoh a row in the clouds that's

928
00:42:42,750 --> 00:42:40,840
a much thicker cloud layer than a

929
00:42:44,940 --> 00:42:42,760
hole-punch cloud normally forming they

930
00:42:47,100 --> 00:42:44,950
normally form in very thin layers of

931
00:42:50,310 --> 00:42:47,110
plow it's just a few and attends one

932
00:42:52,140 --> 00:42:50,320
hundreds of feet thick and it's it's

933
00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:52,150
it's kind of related to what I was

934
00:43:02,280 --> 00:42:54,850
talking about earlier it's they're

935
00:43:03,780 --> 00:43:02,290
actually water clouds and the liquid

936
00:43:07,410 --> 00:43:03,790
water cloud so that they're made of

937
00:43:10,080 --> 00:43:07,420
actual liquid water droplets and what

938
00:43:11,730 --> 00:43:10,090
happens is something causes the cloud to

939
00:43:14,220 --> 00:43:11,740
get disturbed and it can be in a fairly

940
00:43:17,360 --> 00:43:14,230
small region and then they kind of start

941
00:43:20,100 --> 00:43:17,370
transitioning into ice clouds

942
00:43:22,770 --> 00:43:20,110
you know something gets passes through

943
00:43:26,190 --> 00:43:22,780
them and disturbs it or yeah maybe

944
00:43:28,830 --> 00:43:26,200
something was sprayed on it then they

945
00:43:30,270 --> 00:43:28,840
start precipitating out you can see

946
00:43:31,980 --> 00:43:30,280
what's going on if you look at a

947
00:43:34,350 --> 00:43:31,990
hole-punch cloud it you can see they

948
00:43:36,240 --> 00:43:34,360
have this exact same precipitation that

949
00:43:38,460 --> 00:43:36,250
you see beneath the jellyfish clouds

950
00:43:40,550 --> 00:43:38,470
it's this long kind of tail of

951
00:43:42,360 --> 00:43:40,560
precipitation that just evaporates away

952
00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:42,370
because it doesn't reach the ground

953
00:43:48,570 --> 00:43:44,050
because it's falling into a region of

954
00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:48,580
lower humidity but yeah the the water

955
00:43:53,190 --> 00:43:50,410
cloud is transitioning into a nice cloud

956
00:43:55,610 --> 00:43:53,200
and the ice clumps together and it falls

957
00:44:00,810 --> 00:43:55,620
down because the particles are bigger

958
00:44:02,010 --> 00:44:00,820
it's it's kind of a an unusual thing it

959
00:44:03,540 --> 00:44:02,020
took people quite a long time to figure

960
00:44:05,850 --> 00:44:03,550
out what was going on with these clouds

961
00:44:09,630 --> 00:44:05,860
because you don't see them every day but

962
00:44:13,170 --> 00:44:09,640
yeah it's a cool thing that's right did

963
00:44:18,210 --> 00:44:13,180
you have a question about thinking back

964
00:44:22,140 --> 00:44:18,220
to the spreading thing so like how

965
00:44:24,060 --> 00:44:22,150
contrails spread yeah you know if unless

966
00:44:26,190 --> 00:44:24,070
it's hundred percent humidity you know a

967
00:44:28,350 --> 00:44:26,200
case shouldn't be able to I mean

968
00:44:32,599 --> 00:44:28,360
assuming it's above you know you say

969
00:44:37,910 --> 00:44:35,370
if it's if it's not they should be able

970
00:44:43,050 --> 00:44:37,920
to spreadsheet day that's correct yes

971
00:44:46,760 --> 00:44:43,060
and you're saying the there must be some

972
00:44:51,750 --> 00:44:46,770
condensation nuclei are involved with

973
00:44:53,910 --> 00:44:51,760
you say eww what you did well you can

974
00:44:57,990 --> 00:44:53,920
create a contrail without a condensation

975
00:45:00,720 --> 00:44:58,000
like this you can no you you don't need

976
00:45:03,450 --> 00:45:00,730
a condensation nucleus because the

977
00:45:05,940 --> 00:45:03,460
spaghetti - well no no there's there's

978
00:45:10,920 --> 00:45:05,950
plenty of water and condensation nuclei

979
00:45:12,300 --> 00:45:10,930
in the jet exhaust just like the why

980
00:45:14,550 --> 00:45:12,310
would it be water if it's you know it's

981
00:45:15,089 --> 00:45:14,560
like it's a hot gas coming out it's not

982
00:45:19,890 --> 00:45:15,099
water

983
00:45:21,660 --> 00:45:19,900
nuclei what I mean a condensation nuclei

984
00:45:24,660 --> 00:45:21,670
like little particles or things like

985
00:45:31,200 --> 00:45:24,670
cert or all right things like that on

986
00:45:34,859 --> 00:45:31,210
which water will condense okay so the

987
00:45:38,250 --> 00:45:34,869
suit would be the which is carbon which

988
00:45:41,760 --> 00:45:38,260
would be the thing that the water from

989
00:45:43,890 --> 00:45:41,770
the the burn feel would attach onto and

990
00:45:47,070 --> 00:45:43,900
that was the seed that would freeze yeah

991
00:45:50,790 --> 00:45:47,080
now it doesn't actually need that carbon

992
00:45:52,620 --> 00:45:50,800
if there's a type of experimental plane

993
00:45:55,680 --> 00:45:52,630
which I think was in the 60s or 70s

994
00:45:57,750 --> 00:45:55,690
which used a hydrogen engine and that

995
00:46:02,070 --> 00:45:57,760
burned pure hydrogen with pure oxygen

996
00:46:05,250 --> 00:46:02,080
and that didn't create any sauce at all

997
00:46:07,859 --> 00:46:05,260
and yet it still left a contrail and the

998
00:46:10,710 --> 00:46:07,869
reason it left a contrail was that there

999
00:46:13,260 --> 00:46:10,720
is condensation water condensation

1000
00:46:14,760 --> 00:46:13,270
nuclei in water friendly condensation

1001
00:46:18,060 --> 00:46:14,770
nuclei in the air already

1002
00:46:20,490 --> 00:46:18,070
which is why clouds form so you don't

1003
00:46:23,040 --> 00:46:20,500
need that sort of that's in the aircraft

1004
00:46:24,990 --> 00:46:23,050
a water droplet is a compensation

1005
00:46:27,030 --> 00:46:25,000
equally as well a water droplet itself

1006
00:46:30,390 --> 00:46:27,040
is a condensation you like any any water

1007
00:46:33,930 --> 00:46:30,400
itself is a condensation site in liquid

1008
00:46:37,890 --> 00:46:33,940
form and it isn't yeah exactly I mean

1009
00:46:40,260 --> 00:46:37,900
you can have there's homogeneous and

1010
00:46:42,690 --> 00:46:40,270
heterogeneous you know homogeneous you

1011
00:46:45,450 --> 00:46:42,700
need homogeneous means there's just

1012
00:46:47,790 --> 00:46:45,460
water it takes a pretty

1013
00:46:49,650 --> 00:46:47,800
large amount of supersaturation yeah or

1014
00:46:51,690 --> 00:46:49,660
it'll spontaneously become a water

1015
00:46:53,310 --> 00:46:51,700
droplet when you have a condensation

1016
00:46:56,940 --> 00:46:53,320
nucleus you can do it at a hundred

1017
00:47:02,370 --> 00:46:56,950
percent exactly and actually I think

1018
00:47:04,170 --> 00:47:02,380
with certain with certain condensation

1019
00:47:06,359 --> 00:47:04,180
nuclei I can be last 90 percent because

1020
00:47:08,640 --> 00:47:06,369
like you have the like when you buy

1021
00:47:11,220 --> 00:47:08,650
electronics has this old sachet which

1022
00:47:16,640 --> 00:47:11,230
says do not eat the silica stuff will

1023
00:47:18,900 --> 00:47:16,650
draw in water vapor yeah

1024
00:47:20,310 --> 00:47:18,910
hydroscopic I don't I don't know

1025
00:47:25,079 --> 00:47:20,320
actually if that actually it's a

1026
00:47:26,730 --> 00:47:25,089
hydrophilic or hydrophobic a museum

1027
00:47:31,500 --> 00:47:26,740
absorb it hydrophilic means that it

1028
00:47:33,079 --> 00:47:31,510
likes it L sticks to it I don't think

1029
00:47:36,839 --> 00:47:33,089
people people don't use those as

1030
00:47:39,960 --> 00:47:36,849
condensation nuclei just pointing out

1031
00:47:43,140 --> 00:47:39,970
that it is possible for that water can

1032
00:47:45,780 --> 00:47:43,150
go from I don't think that would change

1033
00:47:47,339 --> 00:47:45,790
from gas phase into something orbit well

1034
00:47:49,109 --> 00:47:47,349
maybe it's absorbed as of yet I don't

1035
00:47:50,730 --> 00:47:49,119
know again it can be absorbed it can be

1036
00:47:52,079 --> 00:47:50,740
absorbed otherwise they wouldn't put him

1037
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:52,089
in our electronics and tell us not to

1038
00:47:56,910 --> 00:47:55,210
heat up yeah well yeah it gets absorbed

1039
00:47:59,609 --> 00:47:56,920
but yeah people don't actually use that

1040
00:48:02,310 --> 00:47:59,619
for for cloud seeding right there were

1041
00:48:06,120 --> 00:48:02,320
some ideas where you could spray that

1042
00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:06,130
stuff on hurricanes there was a guy

1043
00:48:12,690 --> 00:48:10,210
rhyme up it was essentially this guy had

1044
00:48:16,220 --> 00:48:12,700
this idea he's using the same stuff that

1045
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:16,230
is used in in diapers or whole nappies

1046
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:18,910
which is very very absorbent obviously

1047
00:48:23,130 --> 00:48:20,710
because it needs to absorb a lot of of

1048
00:48:25,170 --> 00:48:23,140
liquid and they thought they could take

1049
00:48:27,780 --> 00:48:25,180
that exact same stuff and spray it into

1050
00:48:29,010 --> 00:48:27,790
hurricanes but it would soak up the

1051
00:48:31,260 --> 00:48:29,020
water if it's not going to do anything

1052
00:48:32,790 --> 00:48:31,270
in terms of making clouds or anything

1053
00:48:34,500 --> 00:48:32,800
like that it's not the type of thing you

1054
00:48:37,770 --> 00:48:34,510
would use for flowers I'm not entirely

1055
00:48:39,329 --> 00:48:37,780
sure about the artificial snow making

1056
00:48:41,190 --> 00:48:39,339
like snow blowers that they they add

1057
00:48:42,780 --> 00:48:41,200
some chemicals to the water there to

1058
00:48:45,900 --> 00:48:42,790
make make snow

1059
00:48:48,740 --> 00:48:45,910
I'm not really into my piece

1060
00:48:51,450 --> 00:48:48,750
I don't know these silver iodide and

1061
00:48:53,520 --> 00:48:51,460
infomercial started in operation yeah it

1062
00:48:54,420 --> 00:48:53,530
could be just that but I think there may

1063
00:48:56,400 --> 00:48:54,430
be something else as well because

1064
00:48:58,030 --> 00:48:56,410
they're you know they're spring they're

1065
00:49:00,340 --> 00:48:58,040
not spraying in super cold temper

1066
00:49:02,980 --> 00:49:00,350
whispers yeah so they still they still

1067
00:49:04,210 --> 00:49:02,990
need ice nuclei actually that would

1068
00:49:06,820 --> 00:49:04,220
still work wouldn't ya they don't need

1069
00:49:11,740 --> 00:49:06,830
that call of a temperature so probably

1070
00:49:15,640 --> 00:49:11,750
is just silver iodide yeah I'd have to

1071
00:49:19,120 --> 00:49:15,650
look into that so another question I'd

1072
00:49:21,610 --> 00:49:19,130
like to bring up is as you know I get my

1073
00:49:24,730 --> 00:49:21,620
rain water now analyzed and I have I

1074
00:49:26,290 --> 00:49:24,740
gotta get it kind of our rain comes in

1075
00:49:33,150 --> 00:49:26,300
off the ocean and pretty much on the

1076
00:49:40,780 --> 00:49:35,290
apartments sloppy hand looking bad

1077
00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:40,790
reading or whatever how when air masses

1078
00:49:47,070 --> 00:49:44,210
from the ocean having high levels of

1079
00:49:51,880 --> 00:49:47,080
nothing click aluminum barium John deal

1080
00:49:53,620 --> 00:49:51,890
so on albey dandy I mean if you were for

1081
00:49:55,720 --> 00:49:53,630
the sake of argument to exclude user

1082
00:50:00,970 --> 00:49:55,730
error or me just like throwing like

1083
00:50:06,280 --> 00:50:00,980
aluminum by where could come to be

1084
00:50:12,880 --> 00:50:06,290
coming from hazard well you know exactly

1085
00:50:15,910 --> 00:50:12,890
you know exactly on the beach I'm in the

1086
00:50:18,490 --> 00:50:15,920
city and it's all it's I have it's like

1087
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:18,500
you know few miles a residential between

1088
00:50:21,880 --> 00:50:20,210
the in the beach so there's gonna

1089
00:50:23,950 --> 00:50:21,890
there's gonna be a little bit of service

1090
00:50:27,070 --> 00:50:23,960
there yeah and obviously being in a city

1091
00:50:29,290 --> 00:50:27,080
there's a lot of traffic and on air

1092
00:50:32,040 --> 00:50:29,300
traffic sorry a lot of road traffic so

1093
00:50:34,630 --> 00:50:32,050
you get a lot of and there's a lot of

1094
00:50:35,560 --> 00:50:34,640
houses with things like furnaces and

1095
00:50:38,470 --> 00:50:35,570
things like that so there's a lot of

1096
00:50:41,680 --> 00:50:38,480
pollution in the city so you're not

1097
00:50:43,180 --> 00:50:41,690
exactly getting like pristine air where

1098
00:50:44,710 --> 00:50:43,190
you are you might be interesting to for

1099
00:50:46,360 --> 00:50:44,720
you to try taking some samples by the

1100
00:50:49,480 --> 00:50:46,370
beach to see if you get variations but

1101
00:50:51,700 --> 00:50:49,490
there are other factors as well by the

1102
00:50:53,800 --> 00:50:51,710
way that's the thing the other thing is

1103
00:50:55,930 --> 00:50:53,810
that I do have such massive variation

1104
00:51:00,160 --> 00:50:55,940
because sometimes I'd like oh I'll get a

1105
00:51:03,130 --> 00:51:00,170
lot and then zip nada uh the variation

1106
00:51:06,000 --> 00:51:03,140
will go from you know down below 50 you

1107
00:51:10,760 --> 00:51:06,010
know micrograms per year to over 500

1108
00:51:13,700 --> 00:51:10,770
yeah looking at some of your you

1109
00:51:15,970 --> 00:51:13,710
I just randomly picked like one of your

1110
00:51:17,960 --> 00:51:15,980
reports off your website there's one

1111
00:51:19,910 --> 00:51:17,970
they see what does it say

1112
00:51:21,470 --> 00:51:19,920
Sheila Quincy Vaughn is that that's

1113
00:51:23,690 --> 00:51:21,480
something save on they spelled it wrong

1114
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:23,700
it was snow I got crappy writing I'm

1115
00:51:33,290 --> 00:51:25,410
really bad I don't know how I got this

1116
00:51:34,880 --> 00:51:33,300
notice Sivan yeah it's kind of

1117
00:51:37,700 --> 00:51:34,890
interesting as a variation you getting

1118
00:51:42,650 --> 00:51:37,710
in that like like you have a lot of iron

1119
00:51:44,570 --> 00:51:42,660
which the reason I test for iron was

1120
00:51:45,980 --> 00:51:44,580
because of David Keith's paper because

1121
00:51:49,730 --> 00:51:45,990
you know he proposed putting those

1122
00:51:52,480 --> 00:51:49,740
little nano discs with because they were

1123
00:51:55,760 --> 00:51:52,490
made of iron though they were because

1124
00:51:57,200 --> 00:51:55,770
the disc was 50 nanometers across there

1125
00:52:00,380 --> 00:51:57,210
was a layer of aluminum which is

1126
00:52:03,290 --> 00:52:00,390
aluminum oxide haha for aluminium for

1127
00:52:06,020 --> 00:52:03,300
you know the people back home and then

1128
00:52:09,859 --> 00:52:06,030
elemental aluminum yeah and then

1129
00:52:12,320 --> 00:52:09,869
underneath that there was a layer of

1130
00:52:15,320 --> 00:52:12,330
barium titanate and underneath that

1131
00:52:16,849 --> 00:52:15,330
ferrite the ferrite was so you could

1132
00:52:18,230 --> 00:52:16,859
steer it because they wanted like be

1133
00:52:20,930 --> 00:52:18,240
able to you want to be able to you know

1134
00:52:22,700 --> 00:52:20,940
they've tilted around you know to align

1135
00:52:24,800 --> 00:52:22,710
it with the Sun for reflection or

1136
00:52:26,300 --> 00:52:24,810
something like hey if he's talking about

1137
00:52:28,940 --> 00:52:26,310
it I'll look for it that's your never

1138
00:52:31,250 --> 00:52:28,950
got a huge amount of aluminum oh sorry

1139
00:52:35,750 --> 00:52:31,260
titanium and iron because there I've got

1140
00:52:42,290 --> 00:52:35,760
a picture of that disk and it doesn't

1141
00:52:45,010 --> 00:52:42,300
mention the ion if you go magnetite

1142
00:52:49,670 --> 00:52:45,020
that's he calls it his magnetites it's

1143
00:52:51,050 --> 00:52:49,680
Paris right a little bit at the bottom I

1144
00:52:52,780 --> 00:52:51,060
think there's a diagram if you can find

1145
00:52:55,370 --> 00:52:52,790
that pull up that paper the penis one

1146
00:52:59,800 --> 00:52:55,380
yeah I'm just looking at like a random

1147
00:53:02,450 --> 00:52:59,810
image that I saw yeah I think somewhere

1148
00:53:05,270 --> 00:53:02,460
yeah alright so yeah that makes sense

1149
00:53:07,940 --> 00:53:05,280
that like it seems but yeah the thing

1150
00:53:09,160 --> 00:53:07,950
about those disks is if they were using

1151
00:53:11,330 --> 00:53:09,170
that you see them under a microscope

1152
00:53:14,150 --> 00:53:11,340
because they're not that because I'm

1153
00:53:17,540 --> 00:53:14,160
small the ten microns across but they

1154
00:53:19,540 --> 00:53:17,550
were using that about mike rizzo was

1155
00:53:23,380 --> 00:53:19,550
mentioned i thought i'd look

1156
00:53:27,269 --> 00:53:23,390
specifically is being done right

1157
00:53:30,880 --> 00:53:27,279
actually this a good place to segue to

1158
00:53:37,210 --> 00:53:30,890
so of course there are these proposals

1159
00:53:40,120 --> 00:53:37,220
and they it's been discussed and for

1160
00:53:42,579 --> 00:53:40,130
people who aren't aware of this it's

1161
00:53:48,220 --> 00:53:42,589
been proposed as a possible solution for

1162
00:53:50,650 --> 00:53:48,230
a global warming to put reflective

1163
00:53:52,839 --> 00:53:50,660
particles into the sky to reflect

1164
00:53:55,480 --> 00:53:52,849
sunlight back into space to reduce the

1165
00:53:58,509 --> 00:53:55,490
effective global warming yes and

1166
00:54:00,370 --> 00:53:58,519
originally there was you know the most

1167
00:54:03,549 --> 00:54:00,380
of the talk was about sulfates sulfates

1168
00:54:05,500 --> 00:54:03,559
that we were adapted and there's less

1169
00:54:07,779 --> 00:54:05,510
top of that I mean what a fantastic

1170
00:54:10,380 --> 00:54:07,789
brain is not terribly wonderful but

1171
00:54:13,079 --> 00:54:10,390
there has been discussion about using

1172
00:54:15,069 --> 00:54:13,089
amongst other things aluminum

1173
00:54:16,809 --> 00:54:15,079
nanoparticles David Keith talked about

1174
00:54:18,390 --> 00:54:16,819
that himself it's certainly been

1175
00:54:21,880 --> 00:54:18,400
proposed

1176
00:54:23,410 --> 00:54:21,890
that's true though I think the sulfate

1177
00:54:25,420 --> 00:54:23,420
thing is still the main thing that

1178
00:54:27,279 --> 00:54:25,430
people are looking at I've also heard

1179
00:54:30,370 --> 00:54:27,289
them like talking about calcite that's

1180
00:54:32,319 --> 00:54:30,380
another one you know I basically calcite

1181
00:54:34,029 --> 00:54:32,329
being sort of you know like antacid

1182
00:54:35,710 --> 00:54:34,039
stuff yeah that doesn't sound right

1183
00:54:37,329 --> 00:54:35,720
there's a thing called chemical

1184
00:54:40,599 --> 00:54:37,339
weathering which is a method of

1185
00:54:44,019 --> 00:54:40,609
sequestering come to oxide using calcium

1186
00:54:46,480 --> 00:54:44,029
carbonate but I'm not sure if that's

1187
00:54:48,849 --> 00:54:46,490
related because no they were actually

1188
00:54:51,940 --> 00:54:48,859
that was one of the proposals calcite

1189
00:54:53,559 --> 00:54:51,950
which I'm not sure I mean of course when

1190
00:54:55,299 --> 00:54:53,569
people look up geoengineering was the

1191
00:54:57,549 --> 00:54:55,309
two proposals one is carbon dioxide

1192
00:55:06,370 --> 00:54:57,559
removal and the other one is solar

1193
00:55:09,819 --> 00:55:06,380
radiation management or so the the my

1194
00:55:13,720 --> 00:55:09,829
research has been mostly concentrating

1195
00:55:16,740 --> 00:55:13,730
on human health impacts so the proposed

1196
00:55:20,019 --> 00:55:16,750
do you mention to you engineering things

1197
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:20,029
like aluminum and it is actually pretty

1198
00:55:26,079 --> 00:55:23,710
aluminum it's not really good for you

1199
00:55:36,660 --> 00:55:26,089
it's been implicated with Alzheimer's

1200
00:55:44,309 --> 00:55:42,089
I I just want to like you know check

1201
00:55:51,390 --> 00:55:44,319
with you that you certainly would don't

1202
00:55:53,039 --> 00:55:51,400
you wouldn't condone putting adding more

1203
00:55:55,740 --> 00:55:53,049
poisons into the environment

1204
00:55:58,289 --> 00:55:55,750
I'm I'm against pollution of any sort

1205
00:56:03,029 --> 00:55:58,299
yeah yeah we're on the same page on

1206
00:56:03,900 --> 00:56:03,039
there you know there you got a yeah

1207
00:56:05,549 --> 00:56:03,910
you're gonna know you're talking about

1208
00:56:10,069 --> 00:56:05,559
though when you're you're saying like

1209
00:56:12,509 --> 00:56:10,079
pollution like aluminum oxide is not

1210
00:56:14,509 --> 00:56:12,519
something that I would consider air

1211
00:56:17,009 --> 00:56:14,519
pollution and you know worst it's a

1212
00:56:19,579 --> 00:56:17,019
possible irritant

1213
00:56:23,849 --> 00:56:19,589
because it's other bit of oxide is

1214
00:56:26,460 --> 00:56:23,859
sandpaper when you sound something

1215
00:56:29,940 --> 00:56:26,470
you're using aluminum oxide that's what

1216
00:56:32,400 --> 00:56:29,950
they make it out of so it's not really a

1217
00:56:34,049 --> 00:56:32,410
politically it's clear link to

1218
00:56:36,660 --> 00:56:34,059
Alzheimer's you need it see there's a

1219
00:56:38,309 --> 00:56:36,670
link between aluminum on Alzheimer's the

1220
00:56:40,319 --> 00:56:38,319
world there is to put this there's a

1221
00:56:43,200 --> 00:56:40,329
suggested link and if you look at the

1222
00:56:44,819 --> 00:56:43,210
Alzheimer's Association or any the CDC

1223
00:56:47,339 --> 00:56:44,829
or anybody like that they will tell you

1224
00:56:49,470 --> 00:56:47,349
that there's no actual evidence of this

1225
00:56:51,299 --> 00:56:49,480
link if you think about it you know soda

1226
00:56:53,220 --> 00:56:51,309
cans are made of aluminum cooking things

1227
00:56:55,769 --> 00:56:53,230
are made of aluminum aluminum is found

1228
00:56:57,029 --> 00:56:55,779
in deodorants you know aluminum is

1229
00:56:59,279 --> 00:56:57,039
everywhere you know that the rocks

1230
00:57:02,130 --> 00:56:59,289
around you are made of aluminum the soil

1231
00:57:04,920 --> 00:57:02,140
in California in Northern California is

1232
00:57:07,859 --> 00:57:04,930
nearly 10 percent aluminum aluminum is

1233
00:57:09,450 --> 00:57:07,869
everywhere and so it's not like we're

1234
00:57:10,829 --> 00:57:09,460
seeing higher rates of illnesses in

1235
00:57:13,099 --> 00:57:10,839
Northern California versus southern

1236
00:57:16,620 --> 00:57:13,109
Florida because there's so much aluminum

1237
00:57:19,019 --> 00:57:16,630
foil in in Florida it's about you know

1238
00:57:20,579 --> 00:57:19,029
less than one percent aluminum soil in

1239
00:57:23,430 --> 00:57:20,589
Northern California is over ten percent

1240
00:57:25,259 --> 00:57:23,440
aluminum and it is you know in very

1241
00:57:28,170 --> 00:57:25,269
small form it's like in dust year so

1242
00:57:29,759 --> 00:57:28,180
when that when he dries and blows in the

1243
00:57:31,769 --> 00:57:29,769
air you're breathing in this this dust

1244
00:57:34,650 --> 00:57:31,779
that's got aluminum in it but you know

1245
00:57:35,970 --> 00:57:34,660
no one's ever discovered that people in

1246
00:57:38,700 --> 00:57:35,980
Northern California are getting sick

1247
00:57:40,680 --> 00:57:38,710
more than people in Florida if anything

1248
00:57:44,249 --> 00:57:40,690
it's the other way around so would you

1249
00:57:46,609 --> 00:57:44,259
say that the if there was say to be if

1250
00:57:50,040 --> 00:57:46,619
there was alone to be found in the air

1251
00:57:53,850 --> 00:57:50,050
you would say yeah there's Daniel

1252
00:57:57,120 --> 00:57:53,860
yeah so that's all from ground just like

1253
00:57:58,710 --> 00:57:57,130
stuff blowing from the ground from

1254
00:58:02,550 --> 00:57:58,720
industrial emissions but the vast

1255
00:58:04,860 --> 00:58:02,560
majority of aluminum in the air will

1256
00:58:10,170 --> 00:58:04,870
come just ro basic from mineral dust

1257
00:58:13,740 --> 00:58:10,180
rocks most rocks are a class of rocks

1258
00:58:15,180 --> 00:58:13,750
called aluminosilicates which contains

1259
00:58:16,410 --> 00:58:15,190
aluminum and silicon and a bunch of

1260
00:58:20,160 --> 00:58:16,420
other things like calcium and things

1261
00:58:23,250 --> 00:58:20,170
like that but yeah any rocky pick up is

1262
00:58:28,650 --> 00:58:23,260
going to have a lot of aluminum in it so

1263
00:58:30,180 --> 00:58:28,660
the so basically rocks but knocking into

1264
00:58:33,390 --> 00:58:30,190
each other will have create smaller

1265
00:58:35,640 --> 00:58:33,400
rocks and bit the average person like

1266
00:58:39,210 --> 00:58:35,650
eats around like five or six milligrams

1267
00:58:41,730 --> 00:58:39,220
of aluminum every day in their food just

1268
00:58:44,550 --> 00:58:41,740
because it's in the plants when the

1269
00:58:46,650 --> 00:58:44,560
plants grow in soil they take on some of

1270
00:58:48,780 --> 00:58:46,660
them you know many gets in there you get

1271
00:58:50,130 --> 00:58:48,790
a little bit from your your soda cans

1272
00:58:51,630 --> 00:58:50,140
not very much because they had they coat

1273
00:58:54,750 --> 00:58:51,640
it just robbed that happened he was

1274
00:58:58,950 --> 00:58:54,760
being all nasty and aluminum foil

1275
00:59:01,020 --> 00:58:58,960
Reynolds Wrap in America that's yes

1276
00:59:06,120 --> 00:59:01,030
there's a luminaire everywhere it's not

1277
00:59:08,820 --> 00:59:06,130
it's it's in sin back scenes it's an I'm

1278
00:59:11,160 --> 00:59:08,830
deodorant it's and I don't I'm not sure

1279
00:59:16,140 --> 00:59:11,170
it's in vaccines exact oh it is actually

1280
00:59:19,290 --> 00:59:16,150
it's the adjuvant well it's actually a

1281
00:59:21,510 --> 00:59:19,300
really good there's a bitter yeah

1282
00:59:25,080 --> 00:59:21,520
there's plenty research on that but yeah

1283
00:59:26,910 --> 00:59:25,090
lumina it's not right I mean it's common

1284
00:59:28,980 --> 00:59:26,920
it we have it we're surrounded by it we

1285
00:59:30,900 --> 00:59:28,990
live in an aluminum age and I know that

1286
00:59:31,830 --> 00:59:30,910
the lots of people say that aluminum is

1287
00:59:35,130 --> 00:59:31,840
really bad for you

1288
00:59:39,030 --> 00:59:35,140
but there's really no good evidence that

1289
00:59:44,490 --> 00:59:39,040
it's doing anything bad I you know you

1290
00:59:47,220 --> 00:59:44,500
probably look at more alternative sites

1291
00:59:48,990 --> 00:59:47,230
then than idea so you bring more into

1292
00:59:52,770 --> 00:59:49,000
more like an alternative health like

1293
00:59:55,650 --> 00:59:52,780
anti GMO type things but you know if you

1294
00:59:58,380 --> 00:59:55,660
look at the actual evidence it doesn't

1295
00:59:59,429 --> 00:59:58,390
really seem like you know it's doing

1296
01:00:02,199 --> 00:59:59,439
anything

1297
01:00:03,489 --> 01:00:02,209
okay I'll do this yeah we'd have to

1298
01:00:06,489 --> 01:00:03,499
agree to disagree on that one cuz it's a

1299
01:00:12,870 --> 01:00:06,499
very large topic well if you go to

1300
01:00:15,759 --> 01:00:12,880
PubMed type in aluminum and tox talk

1301
01:00:18,459 --> 01:00:15,769
toxicity or Alzheimer's you're gonna get

1302
01:00:20,019 --> 01:00:18,469
a whole lot of literature right but you

1303
01:00:21,639 --> 01:00:20,029
know you're not gonna get but I mean I I

1304
01:00:25,299 --> 01:00:21,649
know I know officially there hasn't been

1305
01:00:28,749 --> 01:00:25,309
the CDC hasn't said yes this causes that

1306
01:00:30,880 --> 01:00:28,759
I know I'm aware of that right but I

1307
01:00:32,679 --> 01:00:30,890
think you're perhaps putting a bit more

1308
01:00:34,719 --> 01:00:32,689
weight on it than it deserves like if

1309
01:00:36,669 --> 01:00:34,729
people like like Mike Adams say that

1310
01:00:38,859 --> 01:00:36,679
aluminum is bad for you it's not really

1311
01:00:40,719 --> 01:00:38,869
good evidence that aluminum is bad for

1312
01:00:43,499 --> 01:00:40,729
you and you can you can always find a

1313
01:00:46,509 --> 01:00:43,509
few papers on some subject on PubMed

1314
01:00:48,159 --> 01:00:46,519
because know they they they're not

1315
01:00:49,839 --> 01:00:48,169
really a publishing thing they just

1316
01:00:51,729 --> 01:00:49,849
catalogue everything so there's lots of

1317
01:00:53,229 --> 01:00:51,739
journals they don't have very strict

1318
01:00:57,239 --> 01:00:53,239
standards of publication and they have

1319
01:01:00,519 --> 01:00:57,249
pretty pretty poor levels of acceptance

1320
01:01:02,469 --> 01:01:00,529
what they will accept so yeah I'm not

1321
01:01:06,009 --> 01:01:02,479
really sold on the idea that aluminum is

1322
01:01:09,729 --> 01:01:06,019
bad for you but they do it is considered

1323
01:01:12,639 --> 01:01:09,739
a risk factor for Alzheimer's no it's

1324
01:01:15,639 --> 01:01:12,649
not it's not it's it's there's a

1325
01:01:17,709 --> 01:01:15,649
correlation between aluminum being found

1326
01:01:21,370 --> 01:01:17,719
in the brains of people who had

1327
01:01:25,870 --> 01:01:21,380
Alzheimer's that doesn't mean that that

1328
01:01:29,409 --> 01:01:25,880
they that their Alzheimer's was caused

1329
01:01:30,729 --> 01:01:29,419
by aluminum was much more likely is that

1330
01:01:35,439 --> 01:01:30,739
it's the other way around

1331
01:01:37,839 --> 01:01:35,449
and that the disease makes them take it

1332
01:01:40,089 --> 01:01:37,849
out more yes yeah that there's the

1333
01:01:42,519 --> 01:01:40,099
because of the drugs that they're given

1334
01:01:43,870 --> 01:01:42,529
those types of drugs which alter the

1335
01:01:46,739 --> 01:01:43,880
brain chemistry obviously you know

1336
01:01:50,229 --> 01:01:46,749
Alzheimer's is a degradation of

1337
01:01:51,939 --> 01:01:50,239
degrading of the brain so they have to

1338
01:01:53,799 --> 01:01:51,949
take all these very strong drugs as you

1339
01:01:56,949 --> 01:01:53,809
get into the later stages which do

1340
01:02:00,299 --> 01:01:56,959
things to your brain chemistry and that

1341
01:02:02,709 --> 01:02:00,309
is thought to be the reason why

1342
01:02:04,629 --> 01:02:02,719
Alzheimer's patients get this aluminum

1343
01:02:07,149 --> 01:02:04,639
in the brain because of the drugs that

1344
01:02:08,620 --> 01:02:07,159
they have been taking again I would have

1345
01:02:10,089 --> 01:02:08,630
to check that but that's as I remember

1346
01:02:11,259 --> 01:02:10,099
it well

1347
01:02:12,540 --> 01:02:11,269
I think that's one we're going to

1348
01:02:16,720 --> 01:02:12,550
disagree

1349
01:02:21,730 --> 01:02:16,730
which is fine it's both sides of this we

1350
01:02:25,359 --> 01:02:21,740
need both sides of this but I yeah

1351
01:02:31,450 --> 01:02:25,369
aluminum is not good personally I try to

1352
01:02:36,099 --> 01:02:31,460
I mean I cook in its until you know how

1353
01:02:37,870 --> 01:02:36,109
safe stuff is you know it's best but we

1354
01:02:39,940 --> 01:02:37,880
do know how safe aluminum is it's been

1355
01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:39,950
used for like you know that like a

1356
01:02:43,930 --> 01:02:41,810
century since aluminum became cheap

1357
01:02:47,109 --> 01:02:43,940
enough to use and everything and we use

1358
01:02:50,290 --> 01:02:47,119
it in cookware and I don't yeah you

1359
01:02:59,470 --> 01:02:50,300
don't I do and I'm fine nothing wrong

1360
01:03:02,859 --> 01:02:59,480
with my brain well talk about something

1361
01:03:10,089 --> 01:03:02,869
very briefly on your just no sample your

1362
01:03:12,250 --> 01:03:10,099
Chile Quinn Sivan you you mentioned I

1363
01:03:15,760 --> 01:03:12,260
think in the discussion something about

1364
01:03:17,230 --> 01:03:15,770
the the reporting limit alright yeah yes

1365
01:03:18,640 --> 01:03:17,240
a reporting limit there's reporting

1366
01:03:21,430 --> 01:03:18,650
limit in method detection limiter to

1367
01:03:23,770 --> 01:03:21,440
your hands method attack method

1368
01:03:28,930 --> 01:03:23,780
detection limit is what the machine is

1369
01:03:32,380 --> 01:03:28,940
able to find and the reporting limits

1370
01:03:36,670 --> 01:03:32,390
above that right and it's not this and I

1371
01:03:38,440 --> 01:03:36,680
haven't said that I I don't know at what

1372
01:03:41,020 --> 01:03:38,450
level these things are toxic you don't

1373
01:03:42,609 --> 01:03:41,030
know how much you know uranium is toxic

1374
01:03:45,190 --> 01:03:42,619
you don't know how much water is talk I

1375
01:03:47,740 --> 01:03:45,200
think I think the post you made on that

1376
01:03:50,050 --> 01:03:47,750
thing it kind of seemed to imply that

1377
01:03:51,250 --> 01:03:50,060
being higher than the reporting limit

1378
01:03:54,640 --> 01:03:51,260
was a bad thing

1379
01:03:57,490 --> 01:03:54,650
well I'm learn my point is why are we

1380
01:04:00,370 --> 01:03:57,500
having why are this are these large and

1381
01:04:02,740 --> 01:04:00,380
varying amounts of it do you thing is in

1382
01:04:05,400 --> 01:04:02,750
many cases than not actually a large I

1383
01:04:10,570 --> 01:04:05,410
mean you know the the limit for

1384
01:04:13,560 --> 01:04:10,580
aluminium aluminium in water is it's

1385
01:04:17,230 --> 01:04:13,570
like two milligrams per liter which is

1386
01:04:18,670 --> 01:04:17,240
2,000 parts per billion but the things

1387
01:04:21,940 --> 01:04:18,680
that you're finding in it are in the

1388
01:04:25,270 --> 01:04:21,950
hundreds so they're a lot lower than the

1389
01:04:26,230 --> 01:04:25,280
actual you know the limit that the EPA

1390
01:04:28,570 --> 01:04:26,240
said yeah

1391
01:04:31,120 --> 01:04:28,580
it's I mean with when when you put water

1392
01:04:32,859 --> 01:04:31,130
through water treatments there's you'll

1393
01:04:34,720 --> 01:04:32,869
have I mean groundwater can get can't a

1394
01:04:36,820 --> 01:04:34,730
know what's on the ground there's stuff

1395
01:04:39,580 --> 01:04:36,830
there's added you know this classify

1396
01:04:42,040 --> 01:04:39,590
stuff that gets added to drinking water

1397
01:04:44,109 --> 01:04:42,050
plus it can come through their pipes and

1398
01:04:46,960 --> 01:04:44,119
other kinds of stuff so what a great

1399
01:04:49,390 --> 01:04:46,970
area water shortly water from the tap is

1400
01:04:51,670 --> 01:04:49,400
not the same as waterfall implement

1401
01:04:54,250 --> 01:04:51,680
right so I that's my question I'd be

1402
01:04:57,370 --> 01:04:54,260
like my concern is how are you how do

1403
01:04:59,080 --> 01:04:57,380
you know it's high what my concern is I

1404
01:05:01,780 --> 01:04:59,090
want to find out what the condensation

1405
01:05:04,359 --> 01:05:01,790
nuclei are and what they're made of

1406
01:05:06,600 --> 01:05:04,369
these things when I see high levels of

1407
01:05:09,640 --> 01:05:06,610
how do you know parent and air is high

1408
01:05:19,810 --> 01:05:09,650
high relative to what what is normal

1409
01:05:22,480 --> 01:05:19,820
rainfall I got you know studies done

1410
01:05:23,980 --> 01:05:22,490
back from like a hundred years ago where

1411
01:05:26,680 --> 01:05:23,990
they measured the concentration of

1412
01:05:29,859 --> 01:05:26,690
various metals in rainwater and in snow

1413
01:05:31,390 --> 01:05:29,869
and it came out in just basically the

1414
01:05:37,720 --> 01:05:31,400
same types of levels that you're seeing

1415
01:05:42,190 --> 01:05:37,730
there's variations oh right and I begin

1416
01:05:44,590 --> 01:05:42,200
to get historical stuff you know you're

1417
01:05:46,270 --> 01:05:44,600
just looking at levels and you the

1418
01:05:48,580 --> 01:05:46,280
weight the way you put it like saying

1419
01:05:50,109 --> 01:05:48,590
like he has four times the reporting

1420
01:05:52,090 --> 01:05:50,119
limit makes it sound like it's four

1421
01:05:54,160 --> 01:05:52,100
times the danger level and I think that

1422
01:05:55,870 --> 01:05:54,170
confuses some people and it's not that's

1423
01:05:58,030 --> 01:05:55,880
just the reporting limit is just the

1424
01:06:00,280 --> 01:05:58,040
lowest level at which they can

1425
01:06:02,950 --> 01:06:00,290
accurately measure it no method

1426
01:06:04,210 --> 01:06:02,960
detection no method detection limit is

1427
01:06:07,359 --> 01:06:04,220
the lowest level at which they can

1428
01:06:08,890 --> 01:06:07,369
detect it reporting limit is the lowest

1429
01:06:10,420 --> 01:06:08,900
level at which they can measure it in

1430
01:06:11,920 --> 01:06:10,430
terms of giving you a number as to how

1431
01:06:15,520 --> 01:06:11,930
much there actually is an accurate

1432
01:06:17,440 --> 01:06:15,530
number below below that level they have

1433
01:06:19,330 --> 01:06:17,450
to kind of use these statistical methods

1434
01:06:22,390 --> 01:06:19,340
to work out what it might be so it's

1435
01:06:24,359 --> 01:06:22,400
pretty inaccurate but being five times

1436
01:06:26,650 --> 01:06:24,369
higher than the reporting limit well

1437
01:06:31,570 --> 01:06:26,660
yeah the other convenient thing about

1438
01:06:34,330 --> 01:06:31,580
reporting limit is because the since the

1439
01:06:37,630 --> 01:06:34,340
reporting limit like for aluminum is 50

1440
01:06:40,120 --> 01:06:37,640
and titanium is 0.5 you know if you just

1441
01:06:43,120 --> 01:06:40,130
give the Barrow numbers like

1442
01:06:45,580 --> 01:06:43,130
that a titanium would seem smaller than

1443
01:06:48,220 --> 01:06:45,590
aluminum I mean anything that just means

1444
01:06:50,320 --> 01:06:48,230
how good the testers are detecting those

1445
01:06:52,570 --> 01:06:50,330
things it means it's a lot harder for

1446
01:06:54,790 --> 01:06:52,580
the test to detect aluminum and adjust

1447
01:06:56,530 --> 01:06:54,800
it to detect titanium because titanium

1448
01:06:59,410 --> 01:06:56,540
ears are much more ya unique

1449
01:07:01,810 --> 01:06:59,420
spectrographic signature so they can

1450
01:07:04,870 --> 01:07:01,820
detect much smaller amounts of it but

1451
01:07:06,610 --> 01:07:04,880
aluminum is kind of a dull molecule so

1452
01:07:09,040 --> 01:07:06,620
you had to have a lot more of it to be

1453
01:07:10,720 --> 01:07:09,050
able to detect it so these reporting

1454
01:07:12,580 --> 01:07:10,730
limits don't mean anything they don't

1455
01:07:13,810 --> 01:07:12,590
mean anything about like how much there

1456
01:07:17,290 --> 01:07:13,820
actually is that they just mean

1457
01:07:19,870 --> 01:07:17,300
something about how well I am reporting

1458
01:07:27,130 --> 01:07:19,880
how much there is and the fact that this

1459
01:07:28,960 --> 01:07:27,140
is vast variation like right here use

1460
01:07:33,010 --> 01:07:28,970
that as anything because he doesn't mean

1461
01:07:35,020 --> 01:07:33,020
anything I'm showing the variation yeah

1462
01:07:36,700 --> 01:07:35,030
but you know the variation in the

1463
01:07:40,390 --> 01:07:36,710
reporting limit doesn't mean anything so

1464
01:07:42,850 --> 01:07:40,400
you're saying what the report the

1465
01:07:44,770 --> 01:07:42,860
reporting limit is fixed work for a loan

1466
01:07:49,870 --> 01:07:44,780
limits 50 for titanium that's point

1467
01:07:51,580 --> 01:07:49,880
right right I am showing how really say

1468
01:07:55,450 --> 01:07:51,590
something with times what the reporting

1469
01:07:58,330 --> 01:07:55,460
limit was it's completely different or

1470
01:07:59,980 --> 01:07:58,340
it's a unit I'm using it as a unit you

1471
01:08:01,300 --> 01:07:59,990
can't you can't use it as a loon you

1472
01:08:02,800 --> 01:08:01,310
know cuz it doesn't mean anything it

1473
01:08:04,180 --> 01:08:02,810
just means how good the test is all

1474
01:08:05,440 --> 01:08:04,190
you're doing is telling people how good

1475
01:08:07,120 --> 01:08:05,450
the test is you're not telling them

1476
01:08:09,100 --> 01:08:07,130
anything about how much there actually

1477
01:08:10,330 --> 01:08:09,110
is or how much there should be or how

1478
01:08:13,450 --> 01:08:10,340
much there is relative to what they

1479
01:08:15,820 --> 01:08:13,460
should be but that you're comparing

1480
01:08:19,210 --> 01:08:15,830
apples to oranges a minute or butter and

1481
01:08:20,980 --> 01:08:19,220
I'm talking about I'm talking about

1482
01:08:23,290 --> 01:08:20,990
you're using the reporting limit as a

1483
01:08:25,840 --> 01:08:23,300
unit you can't use it as a unit you

1484
01:08:27,670 --> 01:08:25,850
can't you shouldn't even mention the

1485
01:08:28,990 --> 01:08:27,680
reporting limit because it's just

1486
01:08:30,460 --> 01:08:29,000
confusing people they think the

1487
01:08:33,460 --> 01:08:30,470
reporting limit is the limit at which

1488
01:08:35,200 --> 01:08:33,470
you have to report it so if you say so

1489
01:08:38,500 --> 01:08:35,210
I think I think we're gonna disagree on

1490
01:08:40,420 --> 01:08:38,510
that give a good explanation as to why

1491
01:08:42,610 --> 01:08:40,430
saying something is five times the

1492
01:08:43,410 --> 01:08:42,620
reporting limit has any meaning then I'd

1493
01:08:48,130 --> 01:08:43,420
like to hear it

1494
01:08:51,310 --> 01:08:48,140
well I'm sorry these metals shouldn't be

1495
01:08:53,629 --> 01:08:51,320
in the rain at all and we're getting

1496
01:08:56,390 --> 01:08:53,639
there

1497
01:08:59,439 --> 01:08:56,400
we're getting wildly different amounts

1498
01:09:02,959 --> 01:08:59,449
of it and I'm using like that's just the

1499
01:09:06,229 --> 01:09:02,969
what that's how I will tell you explain

1500
01:09:10,539 --> 01:09:06,239
it baseball all right it's not a useful

1501
01:09:13,879 --> 01:09:10,549
measure the reporting limit I recommend

1502
01:09:15,559 --> 01:09:13,889
if you want your criticism of these

1503
01:09:19,309 --> 01:09:15,569
levels to be taken seriously you and

1504
01:09:21,859 --> 01:09:19,319
just focus on what the actual amount is

1505
01:09:25,099 --> 01:09:21,869
and then some actual limits such as an

1506
01:09:27,320 --> 01:09:25,109
EPA limit for that's for drinking water

1507
01:09:30,320 --> 01:09:27,330
that's not very well some something like

1508
01:09:32,689 --> 01:09:30,330
for example the historical levels of

1509
01:09:33,559 --> 01:09:32,699
these these things from the overt ously

1510
01:09:35,990 --> 01:09:33,569
yeah

1511
01:09:51,950 --> 01:09:36,000
did you see that one I have from Italy

1512
01:09:53,030 --> 01:09:51,960
there's a yeah it was like fifteen

1513
01:09:55,850 --> 01:09:53,040
thousand four hundred and thirty

1514
01:09:58,490 --> 01:09:55,860
micrograms per liter there of aluminum

1515
01:10:15,050 --> 01:09:58,500
850 micrograms per liter it loves in

1516
01:10:17,330 --> 01:10:15,060
Perugia Italy on yeah it's the

1517
01:10:21,950 --> 01:10:17,340
variations the big thing movies for me

1518
01:10:24,649 --> 01:10:21,960
yeah the fact that and also if what we

1519
01:10:28,450 --> 01:10:24,659
if these proposals that I believe have

1520
01:10:34,070 --> 01:10:31,939
these are toxic metals and they're very

1521
01:10:36,430 --> 01:10:34,080
small if we're to believe what they're

1522
01:10:40,520 --> 01:10:36,440
they say you know that like nano sized

1523
01:10:46,700 --> 01:10:40,530
bits a metal and these are highly

1524
01:10:49,370 --> 01:10:46,710
bioavailable and well yeah I'm kind of

1525
01:10:51,979 --> 01:10:49,380
with you about like the the problems of

1526
01:10:53,209 --> 01:10:51,989
the geoengineering proposals in terms of

1527
01:10:54,830 --> 01:10:53,219
my health effects and things like that

1528
01:10:58,490 --> 01:10:54,840
these are things that need to be talked

1529
01:11:01,580 --> 01:10:58,500
about where I think yeah you've kind of

1530
01:11:03,680 --> 01:11:01,590
jump the gun is in thinking you have

1531
01:11:07,790 --> 01:11:03,690
evidence that these these programs are

1532
01:11:10,880 --> 01:11:07,800
already in place seeing variation

1533
01:11:14,200 --> 01:11:10,890
in levels yeah but when people have done

1534
01:11:16,820 --> 01:11:14,210
tests in the past they they also find

1535
01:11:20,870 --> 01:11:16,830
variations in the levels saying your

1536
01:11:24,560 --> 01:11:20,880
legs over threat would you so we'd say

1537
01:11:27,230 --> 01:11:24,570
that these models aren't in there I mean

1538
01:11:31,070 --> 01:11:27,240
all of the would you say that this has

1539
01:11:33,920 --> 01:11:31,080
done to user error or yeah I think it's

1540
01:11:36,500 --> 01:11:33,930
a variety of reasons but mostly I well

1541
01:11:38,690 --> 01:11:36,510
this so you at you and say so you would

1542
01:11:42,640 --> 01:11:38,700
say like the cirrus clouds aren't like

1543
01:11:45,260 --> 01:11:42,650
they don't have like metal I know

1544
01:11:46,730 --> 01:11:45,270
nothing suspicious in terms of metal

1545
01:11:48,830 --> 01:11:46,740
there is metal in the atmosphere of

1546
01:11:51,740 --> 01:11:48,840
course from police but the condensation

1547
01:11:53,240 --> 01:11:51,750
nuclei that do cause the the Cirrus and

1548
01:11:57,620 --> 01:11:53,250
stuff you'd say these are it was like

1549
01:12:00,380 --> 01:11:57,630
mostly certain whatnot Cirrus yes cirrus

1550
01:12:04,910 --> 01:12:00,390
don't for months such I think but yeah I

1551
01:12:07,160 --> 01:12:04,920
think the pollution in the air has

1552
01:12:09,920 --> 01:12:07,170
changed the cloud cover a bit over the

1553
01:12:11,300 --> 01:12:09,930
last hundred years it's gotten up and

1554
01:12:13,880 --> 01:12:11,310
down we actually has used to have more

1555
01:12:15,770 --> 01:12:13,890
pollution so things have have changed

1556
01:12:19,610 --> 01:12:15,780
with the Clean Air Act so there is an

1557
01:12:21,830 --> 01:12:19,620
effect from anthropogenic condensation

1558
01:12:23,690 --> 01:12:21,840
nuclei sources yes so since the Clean

1559
01:12:25,640 --> 01:12:23,700
Air Act the air should have been getting

1560
01:12:31,370 --> 01:12:25,650
linear that yeah it has and there's a

1561
01:12:34,400 --> 01:12:31,380
thing called global dimming which which

1562
01:12:36,620 --> 01:12:34,410
basically completely turned around after

1563
01:12:39,290 --> 01:12:36,630
the Clean Air Act's were implemented

1564
01:12:40,520 --> 01:12:39,300
it's kind of just slightly on the

1565
01:12:43,220 --> 01:12:40,530
upswing in the last couple of years

1566
01:12:46,220 --> 01:12:43,230
because of developing nations like China

1567
01:12:48,200 --> 01:12:46,230
and India but yeah that there's some

1568
01:12:51,260 --> 01:12:48,210
classic papers on global dimming and

1569
01:12:52,940 --> 01:12:51,270
things like pan evaporation rate yeah

1570
01:12:54,980 --> 01:12:52,950
because I remember seeing a doctor BBC

1571
01:12:56,930 --> 01:12:54,990
did a doctor here on and they said that

1572
01:12:58,670 --> 01:12:56,940
like after 9/11 all the planes were

1573
01:13:00,590 --> 01:12:58,680
grounded the temperature range when I'm

1574
01:13:02,300 --> 01:13:00,600
flying like a full degree yeah but the

1575
01:13:04,880 --> 01:13:02,310
the the research they were talking about

1576
01:13:07,670 --> 01:13:04,890
there with global dimming was actually

1577
01:13:10,730 --> 01:13:07,680
based on figures which I think were

1578
01:13:14,060 --> 01:13:10,740
going back to the mid 1980s or something

1579
01:13:16,130 --> 01:13:14,070
I can't remember exactly how much that

1580
01:13:19,070 --> 01:13:16,140
was but yeah global dimming after the

1581
01:13:21,020 --> 01:13:19,080
Clean Air Act went into effect it the

1582
01:13:23,360 --> 01:13:21,030
trend was reversed

1583
01:13:25,460 --> 01:13:23,370
so I mean the plan of operations is

1584
01:13:28,310 --> 01:13:25,470
blonde the other direction you know yeah

1585
01:13:30,230 --> 01:13:28,320
I mean it's the same thing basically the

1586
01:13:31,940 --> 01:13:30,240
global dimming is usually measured by

1587
01:13:33,320 --> 01:13:31,950
the kind of up a shrimp that's the T now

1588
01:13:34,040 --> 01:13:33,330
the Clean Air Act was the like in the

1589
01:13:35,870 --> 01:13:34,050
seventies right

1590
01:13:38,990 --> 01:13:35,880
yeah but the you know the effects didn't

1591
01:13:41,330 --> 01:13:39,000
you know take effect until the mid

1592
01:13:43,550 --> 01:13:41,340
nineteen eighties but this the

1593
01:13:45,440 --> 01:13:43,560
documentary I saw was made in the

1594
01:13:47,690 --> 01:13:45,450
nineteen nineties and they said and they

1595
01:13:49,190 --> 01:13:47,700
were saying like there was a researcher

1596
01:13:51,890 --> 01:13:49,200
out of Israel I'm sure you've seen yes

1597
01:13:54,140 --> 01:13:51,900
yeah but that money was saying that like

1598
01:13:59,500 --> 01:13:54,150
the the you know the amount of instant

1599
01:14:05,540 --> 01:14:02,930
installations and as in the SOL yeah

1600
01:14:08,900 --> 01:14:05,550
yeah wait wait

1601
01:14:10,910 --> 01:14:08,910
you know sunrise in the planet surface

1602
01:14:12,590 --> 01:14:10,920
yeah all right so yeah I'm just looking

1603
01:14:14,750 --> 01:14:12,600
at and I did a bunch of research into

1604
01:14:17,000 --> 01:14:14,760
this but it's a really good documenting

1605
01:14:19,270 --> 01:14:17,010
find it yeah but it's out of date though

1606
01:14:24,950 --> 01:14:19,280
that's that's the problem with it the

1607
01:14:28,640 --> 01:14:24,960
the research was up until the 1980s from

1608
01:14:32,210 --> 01:14:28,650
the 1950s to the 1980s there was global

1609
01:14:33,680 --> 01:14:32,220
dimming after that there was not it's

1610
01:14:37,490 --> 01:14:33,690
actually changed quite quite

1611
01:14:39,020 --> 01:14:37,500
significantly so you say from the 70 so

1612
01:14:47,620 --> 01:14:39,030
the 70s onwards it got better from the

1613
01:14:53,240 --> 01:14:50,360
more sunlight getting through that means

1614
01:14:57,050 --> 01:14:53,250
there's less little tiny little cloud

1615
01:15:01,700 --> 01:14:57,060
condensation because like I'm a

1616
01:15:02,480 --> 01:15:01,710
photographer and it's this stuff this is

1617
01:15:09,380 --> 01:15:02,490
Scott

1618
01:15:09,980 --> 01:15:09,390
the sky looks a lighter blue than it

1619
01:15:13,370 --> 01:15:09,990
used to

1620
01:15:15,460 --> 01:15:13,380
yeah it's an interesting thing as well I

1621
01:15:21,950 --> 01:15:15,470
read an article on that a few years ago

1622
01:15:23,960 --> 01:15:21,960
yeah there there's actually a thing in

1623
01:15:27,410 --> 01:15:23,970
psychology where people remember colors

1624
01:15:29,450 --> 01:15:27,420
as being brighter than they actually are

1625
01:15:31,870 --> 01:15:29,460
well fortunately I'm a photographer so I

1626
01:15:34,610 --> 01:15:31,880
can look at actually slides right but

1627
01:15:35,990 --> 01:15:34,620
have you actually like be now

1628
01:15:38,270 --> 01:15:36,000
taking a whole bunch of slides with the

1629
01:15:40,160 --> 01:15:38,280
same film stock in the same camera yes

1630
01:15:42,590 --> 01:15:40,170
yes and you've compared them do you have

1631
01:15:46,450 --> 01:15:42,600
a page like showing that comparison I

1632
01:15:49,640 --> 01:15:46,460
did go to web recom slash Burning Man

1633
01:15:54,020 --> 01:15:49,650
I've been shooting that was a bird from

1634
01:15:55,400 --> 01:15:54,030
Burning Man 1998 to 2006 same film same

1635
01:16:01,550 --> 01:15:55,410
camera same lens

1636
01:16:03,680 --> 01:16:01,560
I feel interesting I'll look at that by

1637
01:16:10,400 --> 01:16:03,690
the way not safe work there might be a

1638
01:16:16,970 --> 01:16:10,410
boob less stressed

1639
01:16:18,320 --> 01:16:16,980
I have no bail now I mean of course you

1640
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:18,330
know I mean I'm still using the same

1641
01:16:25,460 --> 01:16:21,810
film stock so but you can't you do you

1642
01:16:36,980 --> 01:16:25,470
do see a changeover I think that's over

1643
01:16:38,900 --> 01:16:36,990
ten years yes but like 2000 2009 I think

1644
01:16:40,550 --> 01:16:38,910
I went digital so forget about that

1645
01:16:43,520 --> 01:16:40,560
that's that's a different set up

1646
01:16:47,360 --> 01:16:43,530
everything before then was fuji chrome

1647
01:16:51,380 --> 01:16:47,370
Velvia rated at 40 is a shot with a 15

1648
01:16:53,060 --> 01:16:51,390
millimeter at 1.4 Nick Orleans on a f100

1649
01:16:59,390 --> 01:16:53,070
sorry so which when did you change over

1650
01:17:09,170 --> 01:16:59,400
I think it was I have to look it was

1651
01:17:11,660 --> 01:17:09,180
late it was 2008 maybe okay forget I I

1652
01:17:15,470 --> 01:17:11,670
was slowly dragged kicking and screaming

1653
01:17:16,490 --> 01:17:15,480
into the digital age on that they really

1654
01:17:19,210 --> 01:17:16,500
had this real punch

1655
01:17:23,120 --> 01:17:19,220
and of course well be a well via

1656
01:17:24,560 --> 01:17:23,130
exaggerated scullers yeah but you have

1657
01:17:27,440 --> 01:17:24,570
to compare apples to apples you have to

1658
01:17:28,820 --> 01:17:27,450
look at the ones shot in Velvia or in

1659
01:17:32,870 --> 01:17:28,830
different years and you can you can see

1660
01:17:34,190 --> 01:17:32,880
yeah you know it's statistically you

1661
01:17:38,120 --> 01:17:34,200
could all look at her quite a few shots

1662
01:17:39,740 --> 01:17:38,130
and maybe even a few years because you

1663
01:17:41,540 --> 01:17:39,750
were probably there it was a look a

1664
01:17:44,600 --> 01:17:41,550
couple of years ago like if they had

1665
01:17:48,290 --> 01:17:44,610
like a lot of like sandstorms in the

1666
01:17:53,400 --> 01:17:51,000
actually the sandstorms are awesome and

1667
01:17:56,459 --> 01:17:53,410
also the sprite even though alleged

1668
01:17:58,800 --> 01:17:56,469
doesn't happen when you have thin cloud

1669
01:18:00,240 --> 01:17:58,810
and that when the sun's low it makes

1670
01:18:01,979 --> 01:18:00,250
people look awesome

1671
01:18:04,620 --> 01:18:01,989
yeah yeah good lighting good lighting

1672
01:18:09,930 --> 01:18:04,630
good lighting one better your contracts

1673
01:18:17,940 --> 01:18:09,940
and chemtrails or Britain contrails but

1674
01:18:19,770 --> 01:18:17,950
yeah I'll check out this and so yeah the

1675
01:18:21,720 --> 01:18:19,780
whole purpose I mean go back to the

1676
01:18:25,950 --> 01:18:21,730
rainwater thing we will disagree in how

1677
01:18:29,670 --> 01:18:25,960
I report them but I might my point is

1678
01:18:34,380 --> 01:18:29,680
there is I'm why are we finding these

1679
01:18:36,090 --> 01:18:34,390
toxic metals in if they're in the rain

1680
01:18:36,510 --> 01:18:36,100
we're breathing Emmaus coming from this

1681
01:18:38,820 --> 01:18:36,520
yeah

1682
01:18:41,040 --> 01:18:38,830
well okay that's the whole point and the

1683
01:18:42,990 --> 01:18:41,050
fact that there's massive variation if

1684
01:18:44,729 --> 01:18:43,000
it was if it was a constant thing and

1685
01:18:46,110 --> 01:18:44,739
the variation was only a couple of a

1686
01:18:50,790 --> 01:18:46,120
standard deviation between and that'd be

1687
01:18:52,440 --> 01:18:50,800
fine but why this like orders of

1688
01:18:54,380 --> 01:18:52,450
magnitude well it's probably the wind

1689
01:18:57,750 --> 01:18:54,390
direction

1690
01:19:00,780 --> 01:18:57,760
how does like the air mass that created

1691
01:19:02,340 --> 01:19:00,790
the rain get formed did it form from

1692
01:19:05,550 --> 01:19:02,350
like you know wind blown from the north

1693
01:19:07,290 --> 01:19:05,560
or the south or from over the ocean and

1694
01:19:09,450 --> 01:19:07,300
it's partly like has it rained recently

1695
01:19:11,250 --> 01:19:09,460
if it hasn't rained recently and then it

1696
01:19:13,229 --> 01:19:11,260
rains then there's going to be a lot

1697
01:19:14,670 --> 01:19:13,239
more pollution in the air and the a kind

1698
01:19:18,030 --> 01:19:14,680
of washes it out and then the next day

1699
01:19:20,550 --> 01:19:18,040
you'll see a lot less so yeah there's

1700
01:19:24,060 --> 01:19:20,560
lots of natural variations and then you

1701
01:19:25,709 --> 01:19:24,070
know user error is harder to you know to

1702
01:19:29,190 --> 01:19:25,719
predict what will actually happen with

1703
01:19:33,660 --> 01:19:29,200
that but if you leave a sampling jar out

1704
01:19:36,900 --> 01:19:33,670
for like a like a week or so oh no no no

1705
01:19:39,870 --> 01:19:36,910
if when it starts raining I'll go up

1706
01:19:42,360 --> 01:19:39,880
I'll put in glass bowls I put on a

1707
01:19:46,709 --> 01:19:42,370
plastic sheet right away wait where were

1708
01:19:52,229 --> 01:19:46,719
those bowls beforehand well I keep them

1709
01:19:56,850 --> 01:19:52,239
clean like I use reverse osmosis water

1710
01:19:58,410 --> 01:19:56,860
to clean em and I store them facing down

1711
01:19:59,369 --> 01:19:58,420
so no crap that's it

1712
01:20:01,290 --> 01:19:59,379
well that

1713
01:20:03,959 --> 01:20:01,300
the rim of the bowl is touching the

1714
01:20:05,369 --> 01:20:03,969
whatever you're stirring the month it

1715
01:20:07,799 --> 01:20:05,379
could be stuff on the rim and when water

1716
01:20:09,389 --> 01:20:07,809
hits that it rolls down he doesn't take

1717
01:20:11,189 --> 01:20:09,399
very much you know we're talking about

1718
01:20:12,810 --> 01:20:11,199
parts per billion here so if you even

1719
01:20:17,219 --> 01:20:12,820
get like a little crumb or something

1720
01:20:19,589 --> 01:20:17,229
well this is there we have I'm using the

1721
01:20:22,319 --> 01:20:19,599
same technique for all of them only

1722
01:20:24,089 --> 01:20:22,329
still have massive variability you

1723
01:20:27,049 --> 01:20:24,099
should maybe try your doing a like some

1724
01:20:29,399 --> 01:20:27,059
kind of control where you take a bowl I

1725
01:20:32,119 --> 01:20:29,409
always take two bowls and that randomly

1726
01:20:34,560 --> 01:20:32,129
pick one take one stick it outside and

1727
01:20:37,589 --> 01:20:34,570
take the other one and put it like

1728
01:20:39,419 --> 01:20:37,599
outside but say underneath a plastic you

1729
01:20:41,989 --> 01:20:39,429
know an upside down plastic box or

1730
01:20:44,729 --> 01:20:41,999
something so he doesn't get anything in

1731
01:20:48,089 --> 01:20:44,739
and then fill it with the same amount of

1732
01:20:51,629 --> 01:20:48,099
water as the other bowl they'd like from

1733
01:20:52,799 --> 01:20:51,639
a bottle and then test both samples that

1734
01:20:55,139 --> 01:20:52,809
would be like a way of trying to

1735
01:20:55,859 --> 01:20:55,149
eliminate you know I identify any kind

1736
01:20:58,229 --> 01:20:55,869
of user error

1737
01:21:00,719 --> 01:20:58,239
there's propagating a little bit it

1738
01:21:02,399 --> 01:21:00,729
would because I mean like I said that

1739
01:21:05,099 --> 01:21:02,409
the windows pretty short because it's

1740
01:21:06,750 --> 01:21:05,109
like we're writing that because III you

1741
01:21:09,299 --> 01:21:06,760
know when I start sweating I'd want to

1742
01:21:11,219 --> 01:21:09,309
flight yeah yeah well you know you know

1743
01:21:12,899 --> 01:21:11,229
you don't wait until the next day when

1744
01:21:15,629 --> 01:21:12,909
it's been like right now it's been

1745
01:21:16,949 --> 01:21:15,639
raining for whatever so whatever it's

1746
01:21:18,839 --> 01:21:16,959
been in the atmosphere will be already

1747
01:21:20,639 --> 01:21:18,849
mostly washed out I mean there could be

1748
01:21:22,889 --> 01:21:20,649
even things like whatever's on your hand

1749
01:21:24,810 --> 01:21:22,899
if you've been handling something and

1750
01:21:28,199 --> 01:21:24,820
you your thumb is on the inside of the

1751
01:21:29,819 --> 01:21:28,209
bowl yeah but like if you just when you

1752
01:21:31,049 --> 01:21:29,829
pick up the bowl do you pick it up do

1753
01:21:37,799 --> 01:21:31,059
you ever touch the inside of the ball

1754
01:21:42,419 --> 01:21:37,809
like it's and where there's lots because

1755
01:21:44,699 --> 01:21:42,429
we're talking about like a little bit of

1756
01:21:47,429 --> 01:21:44,709
you know something falling into the bowl

1757
01:21:49,770 --> 01:21:47,439
from somewhere like from you or from

1758
01:21:52,080 --> 01:21:49,780
something else and then you yeah I take

1759
01:21:55,439 --> 01:21:52,090
it you're pouring it from the ball into

1760
01:21:57,750 --> 01:21:55,449
something else you probably have to pour

1761
01:22:07,500 --> 01:21:57,760
it into a jug first before you poured it

1762
01:22:11,310 --> 01:22:07,510
into yeah yeah when you go well yeah

1763
01:22:13,109 --> 01:22:11,320
that gets stored the same way and that

1764
01:22:18,419 --> 01:22:13,119
and then it goes in

1765
01:22:20,010 --> 01:22:18,429
the HP HP whatever the plastic bottle

1766
01:22:27,000 --> 01:22:20,020
with it the the buffer today's and

1767
01:22:29,100 --> 01:22:27,010
that's right there good love yeah well

1768
01:22:30,930 --> 01:22:29,110
you know overlap see and they'll give

1769
01:22:32,550 --> 01:22:30,940
you reasonably accurate results and

1770
01:22:35,550 --> 01:22:32,560
you're gonna find you're gonna find

1771
01:22:42,419 --> 01:22:35,560
these metals in the air and hence in the

1772
01:22:44,790 --> 01:22:42,429
rain so other sources what other sources

1773
01:22:46,500 --> 01:22:44,800
of metal in the air would there be so

1774
01:22:48,359 --> 01:22:46,510
yeah okay like cars and Industry and

1775
01:22:52,229 --> 01:22:48,369
stuff so so where else with their

1776
01:22:54,000 --> 01:22:52,239
beginning naturally-occurring of the

1777
01:22:55,740 --> 01:22:54,010
elemental metal not oxides no not

1778
01:22:57,209 --> 01:22:55,750
minerals but actually metal meds itself

1779
01:23:03,780 --> 01:22:57,219
you know you know actually measuring

1780
01:23:05,910 --> 01:23:03,790
elemental metal this person to that's a

1781
01:23:13,290 --> 01:23:05,920
total amount of metal so that includes

1782
01:23:16,020 --> 01:23:13,300
metal salts yeah or so based like

1783
01:23:17,939 --> 01:23:16,030
unoxidized elemental metal shouldn't be

1784
01:23:21,629 --> 01:23:17,949
in the atmosphere at all well no you're

1785
01:23:24,209 --> 01:23:21,639
gonna get sound cuz your I just friction

1786
01:23:26,280 --> 01:23:24,219
and stuff like that will I from brake

1787
01:23:28,260 --> 01:23:26,290
brake pads you get the metal on the

1788
01:23:30,600 --> 01:23:28,270
brake pads like wearing off essentially

1789
01:23:34,500 --> 01:23:30,610
quite a big source of pollution next to

1790
01:23:38,070 --> 01:23:34,510
some roads the brake brake pedal linings

1791
01:23:42,240 --> 01:23:38,080
and you know various other forms of

1792
01:23:43,379 --> 01:23:42,250
things like construction when building

1793
01:23:46,320 --> 01:23:43,389
things and you're gonna get bits of

1794
01:23:47,910 --> 01:23:46,330
metal but yeah elemental metal I don't

1795
01:23:50,520 --> 01:23:47,920
know if there's really that much of that

1796
01:23:54,890 --> 01:23:50,530
in the air because it tends to break

1797
01:23:58,890 --> 01:23:54,900
down in nature so you don't get very

1798
01:24:02,070 --> 01:23:58,900
hard to keep aluminum ya know scratch it

1799
01:24:04,589 --> 01:24:02,080
it hardly occurs at all in in its

1800
01:24:07,410 --> 01:24:04,599
metallic form in nature you have to kind

1801
01:24:10,470 --> 01:24:07,420
of crack it out of the rocks using this

1802
01:24:12,930 --> 01:24:10,480
quite energy intensive process it's a

1803
01:24:15,330 --> 01:24:12,940
lot of power yeah they're so you know

1804
01:24:19,680 --> 01:24:15,340
still cheaper than digging up other

1805
01:24:21,839 --> 01:24:19,690
things but yet my answer there was that

1806
01:24:25,200 --> 01:24:21,849
I I don't think there will be very much

1807
01:24:26,520 --> 01:24:25,210
in terms of elemental metals in yeah I

1808
01:24:28,799 --> 01:24:26,530
don't really know

1809
01:24:30,720 --> 01:24:28,809
but the test you're doing don't actually

1810
01:24:35,879 --> 01:24:30,730
show elemental metals and none of the

1811
01:24:37,859 --> 01:24:35,889
other tests that anyone else Dane

1812
01:24:43,649 --> 01:24:37,869
Wigington does he claims that they're

1813
01:24:46,729 --> 01:24:43,659
measuring elemental metal when tests

1814
01:24:49,919 --> 01:24:46,739
very specifically doesn't measure that

1815
01:24:51,779 --> 01:24:49,929
because basically what happens is when

1816
01:24:57,600 --> 01:24:51,789
you suffer of anyone who wants to do

1817
01:25:01,830 --> 01:24:57,610
this when you send a sample to a lab it

1818
01:25:03,209 --> 01:25:01,840
dissolved in an acid and that's how they

1819
01:25:06,479 --> 01:25:03,219
separate out the metals they know the

1820
01:25:09,750 --> 01:25:06,489
totalement of metal from elemental metal

1821
01:25:12,810 --> 01:25:09,760
to like like soap like the salt is

1822
01:25:15,029 --> 01:25:12,820
sodium and chloride so if you you know

1823
01:25:17,220 --> 01:25:15,039
if you put salt in a thing it'll say

1824
01:25:18,990 --> 01:25:17,230
okay there's this much sodium in it well

1825
01:25:20,669 --> 01:25:19,000
that's when they when they're doing very

1826
01:25:22,470 --> 01:25:20,679
specific tests so I don't think that's

1827
01:25:25,169 --> 01:25:22,480
how your live is actually testing for

1828
01:25:27,689 --> 01:25:25,179
the metals they're probably using plasma

1829
01:25:31,109 --> 01:25:27,699
spectrography I forget the name of the

1830
01:25:33,839 --> 01:25:31,119
guys now when I went to see it but they

1831
01:25:34,979 --> 01:25:33,849
they could give you a search for

1832
01:25:36,439 --> 01:25:34,989
different metals but there it is

1833
01:25:38,580 --> 01:25:36,449
actually broken down and includes the

1834
01:25:41,399 --> 01:25:38,590
includes the metals that have been

1835
01:25:45,540 --> 01:25:41,409
burned do other elements in salts

1836
01:25:47,370 --> 01:25:45,550
yeah but the tests like if you know how

1837
01:25:49,350 --> 01:25:47,380
much alright like if you gave them rust

1838
01:25:55,439 --> 01:25:49,360
they would say oh there's this much iron

1839
01:25:57,569 --> 01:25:55,449
in it yeah that's you know the way these

1840
01:26:00,299 --> 01:25:57,579
tests normally work is that they heat up

1841
01:26:02,399 --> 01:26:00,309
the sample there's all the first into

1842
01:26:04,859 --> 01:26:02,409
some kind of carrier and then they heat

1843
01:26:06,540 --> 01:26:04,869
it up so it turns into a plasma which

1844
01:26:10,379 --> 01:26:06,550
actually strips things down into these

1845
01:26:12,479 --> 01:26:10,389
actual atoms rather than the compound

1846
01:26:14,189 --> 01:26:12,489
and then they shine light through it to

1847
01:26:24,330 --> 01:26:14,199
laser through it and then they measure

1848
01:26:26,069 --> 01:26:24,340
the spectrum yeah sorption spectrum no

1849
01:26:32,220 --> 01:26:26,079
matter which way you say it sounded

1850
01:26:36,569 --> 01:26:32,230
wrong photography I can't even talk now

1851
01:26:39,299 --> 01:26:36,579
so yeah but yeah that that test doesn't

1852
01:26:40,290 --> 01:26:39,309
actually show like the individual things

1853
01:26:42,959 --> 01:26:40,300
like that the one you

1854
01:26:44,640 --> 01:26:42,969
with the dissolving in an acid I'm not

1855
01:26:48,660 --> 01:26:44,650
sure but I think that might be just four

1856
01:26:50,970 --> 01:26:48,670
very specific types of things rather

1857
01:26:53,850 --> 01:26:50,980
than you know because the the

1858
01:26:58,200 --> 01:26:53,860
spectrography one measures all of metals

1859
01:27:00,299 --> 01:26:58,210
basically at the same time yeah yeah I'd

1860
01:27:04,620 --> 01:27:00,309
have to check on that one either way

1861
01:27:06,839 --> 01:27:04,630
you're not deterring individuation and

1862
01:27:09,839 --> 01:27:06,849
like old colored yeah yeah good enough

1863
01:27:17,419 --> 01:27:09,849
points at my level in chemistry looks

1864
01:27:28,410 --> 01:27:20,069
actually I have an astronomy Oh level as

1865
01:27:33,930 --> 01:27:28,420
well see few clusters see desiccated

1866
01:27:35,669 --> 01:27:33,940
they're able to offer stuff anyway well

1867
01:27:41,189 --> 01:27:35,679
thank you thank you so much for coming

1868
01:27:47,970 --> 01:27:41,199
on this is like some but I don't like I

1869
01:27:50,220 --> 01:27:47,980
said I wanted to know shake hands kind

1870
01:27:52,740 --> 01:27:50,230
of thing like oh hi you know we both

1871
01:28:00,450 --> 01:27:52,750
know or of each other each other stand

1872
01:28:02,850 --> 01:28:00,460
and I we have very different ideas about

1873
01:28:07,260 --> 01:28:02,860
the same thing I think we would

1874
01:28:10,410 --> 01:28:07,270
hopefully both agree that it wouldn't be

1875
01:28:13,109 --> 01:28:10,420
they were something we would not want to

1876
01:28:15,390 --> 01:28:13,119
see happen because we don't know about

1877
01:28:19,859 --> 01:28:15,400
the health impact would I think but I'd

1878
01:28:22,859 --> 01:28:19,869
be right yeah well I think it's like

1879
01:28:25,109 --> 01:28:22,869
most geoengineering researchers think

1880
01:28:28,229 --> 01:28:25,119
it's not a very good idea like David

1881
01:28:29,700 --> 01:28:28,239
Keith would prefer to actually you know

1882
01:28:31,890 --> 01:28:29,710
reduce carbon emissions in fact he's

1883
01:28:33,240 --> 01:28:31,900
doing working in carbon capture the

1884
01:28:36,720 --> 01:28:33,250
reason most people are doing this work

1885
01:28:38,180 --> 01:28:36,730
in geoengineering research is just in

1886
01:28:39,439 --> 01:28:38,190
case and

1887
01:28:42,839 --> 01:28:39,449
[Music]

1888
01:28:45,299 --> 01:28:42,849
well it's not even that it's it's just

1889
01:28:47,760 --> 01:28:45,309
in case like China decides to do it or

1890
01:28:49,890 --> 01:28:47,770
if Russia decides to do it like you know

1891
01:28:51,390 --> 01:28:49,900
if we have the science we can persuade

1892
01:28:52,320 --> 01:28:51,400
them that it's a bad idea if we can

1893
01:28:55,230 --> 01:28:52,330
figure out whether it

1894
01:28:58,050 --> 01:28:55,240
about idea or not I think it's pretty

1895
01:29:01,130 --> 01:28:58,060
unlikely that the US government is going

1896
01:29:03,810 --> 01:29:01,140
to do anything anytime soon you know the

1897
01:29:05,700 --> 01:29:03,820
Republicans in America like the idea

1898
01:29:09,330 --> 01:29:05,710
because it lets them off the hook for

1899
01:29:12,540 --> 01:29:09,340
doing any kind of carbon reduction so

1900
01:29:14,730 --> 01:29:12,550
it's economically a good idea so you

1901
01:29:17,610 --> 01:29:14,740
know the fiscal conservatives like it

1902
01:29:19,740 --> 01:29:17,620
but yeah long-term I don't really see it

1903
01:29:22,440 --> 01:29:19,750
happening yeah

1904
01:29:26,640 --> 01:29:22,450
not within the next ten years at least

1905
01:29:29,250 --> 01:29:26,650
so so yeah probably hopefully never I

1906
01:29:30,750 --> 01:29:29,260
was well I know like David Keith II

1907
01:29:32,820 --> 01:29:30,760
think they're talking about then a

1908
01:29:33,270 --> 01:29:32,830
limited experiment if I'm a balloon or

1909
01:29:35,460 --> 01:29:33,280
something

1910
01:29:37,860 --> 01:29:35,470
yeah but the talk the amount that

1911
01:29:41,040 --> 01:29:37,870
talking about spraying is about I think

1912
01:29:43,770 --> 01:29:41,050
five kilograms which is you know like

1913
01:29:47,100 --> 01:29:43,780
may have 14 pounds or whatever actually

1914
01:29:48,330 --> 01:29:47,110
wasn't like the operation pop I used

1915
01:29:50,220 --> 01:29:48,340
last night I believe there's something

1916
01:29:51,930 --> 01:29:50,230
few plans for the entire operation

1917
01:29:54,840 --> 01:29:51,940
well Popeye yeah Popeye was

1918
01:29:56,460 --> 01:29:54,850
cloud-seeding operation yeah but it

1919
01:29:57,720 --> 01:29:56,470
doesn't take much but that's a

1920
01:30:01,470 --> 01:29:57,730
completely different type of thing there

1921
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:01,480
we're talking management the other one

1922
01:30:05,760 --> 01:30:03,610
is like you know precipitation and

1923
01:30:08,400 --> 01:30:05,770
that's what I hear you can't you can't

1924
01:30:12,810 --> 01:30:08,410
you can you can achieve a lot with you

1925
01:30:17,280 --> 01:30:12,820
know not really

1926
01:30:21,330 --> 01:30:17,290
you can make oh sure I will have to take

1927
01:30:23,610 --> 01:30:21,340
issue with this so the smaller the

1928
01:30:27,510 --> 01:30:23,620
particle size the more condensation

1929
01:30:29,430 --> 01:30:27,520
nuclei you have right if you get stopped

1930
01:30:31,650 --> 01:30:29,440
very very small you get a hole or the

1931
01:30:34,620 --> 01:30:31,660
conversation nuclei with a pretty small

1932
01:30:37,530 --> 01:30:34,630
mass we're talking about solar radiation

1933
01:30:40,140 --> 01:30:37,540
management yeah when the the

1934
01:30:41,700 --> 01:30:40,150
condensation nuclei will attract water

1935
01:30:44,010 --> 01:30:41,710
and that will be the reflective thing

1936
01:30:46,260 --> 01:30:44,020
well that's just one of the types of

1937
01:30:48,120 --> 01:30:46,270
proposals like for example the the shiny

1938
01:30:49,560 --> 01:30:48,130
disk thing that you mentioned earlier is

1939
01:30:51,720 --> 01:30:49,570
completely different to that and the

1940
01:30:54,960 --> 01:30:51,730
aluminum oxide thing is different to

1941
01:30:57,030 --> 01:30:54,970
that again it depends whether well the

1942
01:31:00,470 --> 01:30:57,040
mechanism of them is about promote

1943
01:31:03,090 --> 01:31:00,480
promoting cirrus cloud formation or

1944
01:31:05,910 --> 01:31:03,100
subversive or Cirrus

1945
01:31:09,689 --> 01:31:05,920
losing some visible serious yeah

1946
01:31:11,910 --> 01:31:09,699
huh that sounds like less blue skies to

1947
01:31:15,689 --> 01:31:11,920
me well it's actually the same blue

1948
01:31:17,189 --> 01:31:15,699
skies well it it's sub visible so it

1949
01:31:18,870 --> 01:31:17,199
does they don't they don't stick

1950
01:31:21,900 --> 01:31:18,880
together just like it's like a vague

1951
01:31:24,660 --> 01:31:21,910
it's like these like doggy er yeah it's

1952
01:31:28,040 --> 01:31:24,670
there I haven't heard that term sub sub

1953
01:31:30,870 --> 01:31:28,050
visible serous yeah it's not actually

1954
01:31:32,600 --> 01:31:30,880
dense enough to actually interfere with

1955
01:31:36,810 --> 01:31:32,610
the sunlight at all

1956
01:31:39,270 --> 01:31:36,820
there's haze which is one step above sub

1957
01:31:41,700 --> 01:31:39,280
visible service some visible surface is

1958
01:31:42,750 --> 01:31:41,710
essentially invisible to the naked eye

1959
01:31:45,240 --> 01:31:42,760
doesn't really change the colour of the

1960
01:31:46,979 --> 01:31:45,250
sky but is still yeah it reflects like a

1961
01:31:48,660 --> 01:31:46,989
very small amount like one or two

1962
01:31:50,970 --> 01:31:48,670
percent or something like that so it'll

1963
01:31:54,330 --> 01:31:50,980
make it look that it doesn't really

1964
01:31:56,970 --> 01:31:54,340
because it it doesn't scatter the light

1965
01:31:59,310 --> 01:31:56,980
in the same way but and presumably

1966
01:32:01,169 --> 01:31:59,320
serious will be high-altitude yeah that

1967
01:32:04,410 --> 01:32:01,179
the physics a bit work out so that the

1968
01:32:05,880 --> 01:32:04,420
submersible service augmentation as I

1969
01:32:07,530 --> 01:32:05,890
remember doesn't actually change the Sun

1970
01:32:10,520 --> 01:32:07,540
at sky significantly like it there was

1971
01:32:12,840 --> 01:32:10,530
some research done on exactly that that

1972
01:32:15,300 --> 01:32:12,850
that question whether it would make the

1973
01:32:17,100 --> 01:32:15,310
skies look more built milky and they did

1974
01:32:18,510 --> 01:32:17,110
simulations of how it was scatter the

1975
01:32:21,930 --> 01:32:18,520
light and everything and it turned out

1976
01:32:25,470 --> 01:32:21,940
it was a very very small amount but a

1977
01:32:27,000 --> 01:32:25,480
small amount but physically perceptible

1978
01:32:30,540 --> 01:32:27,010
you wouldn't see it in you know photo

1979
01:32:38,459 --> 01:32:30,550
comparisons for example they ran

1980
01:32:42,020 --> 01:32:38,469
simulations alright anyway this is it's

1981
01:32:44,820 --> 01:32:42,030
a sub visible Cirrus would make would

1982
01:32:47,459 --> 01:32:44,830
make just increase the albedo a little

1983
01:32:48,930 --> 01:32:47,469
bit right it's not the idea yeah but

1984
01:32:51,900 --> 01:32:48,940
that's the albedo from the perspective

1985
01:32:53,820 --> 01:32:51,910
of the Sun so it's not yeah they're the

1986
01:32:57,390 --> 01:32:53,830
the milkiness of the sky and the albedo

1987
01:32:58,500 --> 01:32:57,400
aren't the exact same thing there are

1988
01:32:59,910 --> 01:32:58,510
different things one is like what

1989
01:33:00,959 --> 01:32:59,920
happens when you look up at the sky and

1990
01:33:03,780 --> 01:33:00,969
know there is like what happens when

1991
01:33:05,580 --> 01:33:03,790
radiation comes down from above if you

1992
01:33:10,140 --> 01:33:05,590
have gains the light coming through it's

1993
01:33:12,300 --> 01:33:10,150
no good well the I remember the albedo

1994
01:33:15,689 --> 01:33:12,310
is basically the Sun like how much

1995
01:33:17,880 --> 01:33:15,699
reflectivity like if it's overcast

1996
01:33:20,070 --> 01:33:17,890
that's high albedo when it's clear no

1997
01:33:24,540 --> 01:33:20,080
albedo

1998
01:33:26,610 --> 01:33:24,550
not exactly no that is if the air is

1999
01:33:30,570 --> 01:33:26,620
perfectly clean if the air is perfectly

2000
01:33:33,270 --> 01:33:30,580
clear albedo is the amount of white the

2001
01:33:35,700 --> 01:33:33,280
whiteness of the sky right base albedo

2002
01:33:38,460 --> 01:33:35,710
is how white it's from satellites or

2003
01:33:41,640 --> 01:33:38,470
from the reflectivity yeah so it's not

2004
01:33:42,510 --> 01:33:41,650
the same thing as as what you see when

2005
01:33:44,130 --> 01:33:42,520
you're looking up because when you're

2006
01:33:47,040 --> 01:33:44,140
looking up you're seeing the scattering

2007
01:33:49,320 --> 01:33:47,050
of the atmosphere which is related to

2008
01:33:51,690 --> 01:33:49,330
but not the same as the reflective

2009
01:33:54,330 --> 01:33:51,700
nature of this kinda yeah the atmosphere

2010
01:33:55,980 --> 01:33:54,340
it's like if you're a semantical

2011
01:33:57,750 --> 01:33:55,990
difference that exactly it's like if you

2012
01:34:00,330 --> 01:33:57,760
were if you were underwater and you were

2013
01:34:02,190 --> 01:34:00,340
looking up it's very different from

2014
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:02,200
being above the water I'm looking down

2015
01:34:06,540 --> 01:34:04,210
because you got this shiny surface from

2016
01:34:08,460 --> 01:34:06,550
above that you don't you have that then

2017
01:34:11,520 --> 01:34:08,470
from below you have this this dimming

2018
01:34:14,250 --> 01:34:11,530
effect of the water so you know your

2019
01:34:17,640 --> 01:34:14,260
point of position within the medium

2020
01:34:21,690 --> 01:34:17,650
makes a quite a large difference but it

2021
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:21,700
either case the this that the incoming

2022
01:34:27,420 --> 01:34:24,010
solar radiation gets bounced off yeah

2023
01:34:29,310 --> 01:34:27,430
yeah but so subsequent so that should be

2024
01:34:31,320 --> 01:34:29,320
that should you would see now that

2025
01:34:32,850 --> 01:34:31,330
because I'm not just the heat it's not

2026
01:34:37,230 --> 01:34:32,860
the visible radiation is the heat

2027
01:34:39,930 --> 01:34:37,240
radiation oh it's only so this the sub

2028
01:34:42,000 --> 01:34:39,940
visible stuff and send you a link that

2029
01:34:46,680 --> 01:34:42,010
has a photo comparison between two

2030
01:34:48,960 --> 01:34:46,690
images one of which is a boat from from

2031
01:34:51,390 --> 01:34:48,970
Earth Observatory from the world view

2032
01:34:53,040 --> 01:34:51,400
one is the visible spectrum the true

2033
01:34:58,350 --> 01:34:53,050
color one and the one below that is the

2034
01:35:00,120 --> 01:34:58,360
cirrus detection and you can see the the

2035
01:35:03,390 --> 01:35:00,130
true color image you can't see that

2036
01:35:05,870 --> 01:35:03,400
boundary between the Cirrus and Osiris

2037
01:35:10,110 --> 01:35:05,880
because it looks exactly the same

2038
01:35:11,850 --> 01:35:10,120
the so visible Cirrus and the article

2039
01:35:14,310 --> 01:35:11,860
itself I believe is tacticals titled

2040
01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:14,320
invisible Cirrus because I'm looking at

2041
01:35:18,300 --> 01:35:16,210
the bottom one on the bottom left

2042
01:35:20,400 --> 01:35:18,310
actually the center of the image and the

2043
01:35:24,360 --> 01:35:20,410
bottom this looks like there's some

2044
01:35:28,230 --> 01:35:24,370
stuff coming off the side more more in a

2045
01:35:31,080 --> 01:35:28,240
more linear way and yeah but those are

2046
01:35:32,700 --> 01:35:31,090
the regions where this like a like the

2047
01:35:33,280 --> 01:35:32,710
middle of the middle top of the image

2048
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:33,290
just

2049
01:35:37,390 --> 01:35:34,910
left of the middle at the top of the

2050
01:35:40,750 --> 01:35:37,400
image there's a clear delineation like

2051
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:40,760
that third squirrel I was actually

2052
01:35:43,780 --> 01:35:42,410
looking at the shape of the actual cloud

2053
01:35:45,760 --> 01:35:43,790
but in the middle how it dip around the

2054
01:35:47,320 --> 01:35:45,770
edges sorry I got yeah so that the thin

2055
01:35:49,780 --> 01:35:47,330
gray stock is seeing around is this

2056
01:35:52,000 --> 01:35:49,790
invisible cirrus this submersible Cirrus

2057
01:35:54,880 --> 01:35:52,010
yeah and that's the type of thing if you

2058
01:35:56,920 --> 01:35:54,890
could so so what's that made of is that

2059
01:36:00,460 --> 01:35:56,930
water oh it still is still tiny ice

2060
01:36:06,490 --> 01:36:00,470
particles yeah but they're just really

2061
01:36:08,380 --> 01:36:06,500
really tiny yeah so that just goes right

2062
01:36:14,080 --> 01:36:08,390
through them basically but only affects

2063
01:36:18,310 --> 01:36:14,090
the infrared region so that's one factor

2064
01:36:19,810 --> 01:36:18,320
in you know the radiation budgets of the

2065
01:36:22,150 --> 01:36:19,820
earthing of the radiation going in and

2066
01:36:24,280 --> 01:36:22,160
the radiation going out if there's more

2067
01:36:26,020 --> 01:36:24,290
of these submersibles cirrus clouds and

2068
01:36:28,660 --> 01:36:26,030
there's gonna be more of some types of

2069
01:36:30,460 --> 01:36:28,670
radiation bouncing off probably

2070
01:36:33,220 --> 01:36:30,470
different types of radiation from below

2071
01:36:34,930 --> 01:36:33,230
will get scattered in different ways but

2072
01:36:36,520 --> 01:36:34,940
it all just alters the radiation budget

2073
01:36:37,860 --> 01:36:36,530
which is quite complicated as I'm sure

2074
01:36:39,729 --> 01:36:37,870
you know if you've looked into

2075
01:36:41,140 --> 01:36:39,739
geoengineering proposals there's all

2076
01:36:42,640 --> 01:36:41,150
different types of wave lengths and

2077
01:36:49,750 --> 01:36:42,650
different types of cloud which into fact

2078
01:36:52,150 --> 01:36:49,760
interact with different wavelengths I

2079
01:36:55,090 --> 01:36:52,160
have to say that I'm still really jazzed

2080
01:36:56,590 --> 01:36:55,100
without freaking animation so yeah well

2081
01:36:59,560 --> 01:36:56,600
you probably spend the next few weeks

2082
01:37:01,990 --> 01:36:59,570
play with it it's a lot of fun and can

2083
01:37:05,050 --> 01:37:02,000
you see the other side no because it's a

2084
01:37:07,320 --> 01:37:05,060
geostationary satellite oh okay so it's

2085
01:37:09,340 --> 01:37:07,330
actually over the East Coasters

2086
01:37:11,170 --> 01:37:09,350
but there's there's a few other

2087
01:37:13,360 --> 01:37:11,180
satellites that do similar things for

2088
01:37:16,450 --> 01:37:13,370
the other parts of the world there's

2089
01:37:20,229 --> 01:37:16,460
there's Japanese satellite Himawari

2090
01:37:23,500 --> 01:37:20,239
eight and then there's a meteor set for

2091
01:37:25,690 --> 01:37:23,510
the European satellite I'll send you a

2092
01:37:28,120 --> 01:37:25,700
link to that I collected all of them on

2093
01:37:33,160 --> 01:37:28,130
meta box and we're already called for

2094
01:37:35,590 --> 01:37:33,170
the skinny is minimum and they have

2095
01:37:39,310 --> 01:37:35,600
different interfaces than not all like

2096
01:37:40,570 --> 01:37:39,320
whites friendly as that one there's a

2097
01:37:46,680 --> 01:37:40,580
lot of fun just looking at the different

2098
01:37:51,730 --> 01:37:49,510
all right well boys have to play with

2099
01:37:55,950 --> 01:37:51,740
anyway I guess sent you're like those

2100
01:38:03,490 --> 01:37:55,960
sources and yeah they're a lot of fun

2101
01:38:06,640 --> 01:38:03,500
anyway we should do this again I I wish

2102
01:38:12,550 --> 01:38:09,340
even though we don't agree well you know

2103
01:38:16,320 --> 01:38:12,560
I think you know you say we disagree on

2104
01:38:19,300 --> 01:38:16,330
things as if it's kind of like a

2105
01:38:21,070 --> 01:38:19,310
philosophical disagreement and I think

2106
01:38:22,960 --> 01:38:21,080
you know maybe in some instances it

2107
01:38:26,550 --> 01:38:22,970
might be but I think there are also

2108
01:38:30,580 --> 01:38:26,560
areas in which we disagree when we could

2109
01:38:32,110 --> 01:38:30,590
get things verifiably correct like you

2110
01:38:33,880 --> 01:38:32,120
know for example like I don't know if

2111
01:38:37,870 --> 01:38:33,890
you still do this but you used to call

2112
01:38:39,010 --> 01:38:37,880
halo sundogs oh no that was a joke that

2113
01:38:41,920 --> 01:38:39,020
was a joke but it's like these

2114
01:38:43,840 --> 01:38:41,930
incredibly rare sundogs yeah but no like

2115
01:38:45,550 --> 01:38:43,850
because it's I know it's a halo the

2116
01:38:57,430 --> 01:38:45,560
problem was a look other people started

2117
01:38:58,810 --> 01:38:57,440
calling them some dogs that just Cisco I

2118
01:39:01,630 --> 01:38:58,820
mean I post that that's the thing I do

2119
01:39:03,400 --> 01:39:01,640
daily I know I know but you you never

2120
01:39:05,410 --> 01:39:03,410
actually post any pictures of sundogs

2121
01:39:09,370 --> 01:39:05,420
because they are quite rare over San

2122
01:39:11,140 --> 01:39:09,380
Francisco yeah the actual ones the ones

2123
01:39:20,470 --> 01:39:11,150
with the corners so actually so when I

2124
01:39:22,720 --> 01:39:20,480
add Baker beach news day I saw one but

2125
01:39:27,250 --> 01:39:22,730
not like what they like quote-unquote

2126
01:39:29,470 --> 01:39:27,260
anywhere sundown oh yeah you know you

2127
01:39:31,240 --> 01:39:29,480
wouldn't be taken seriously so I think

2128
01:39:33,490 --> 01:39:31,250
youyou really muddying the water with

2129
01:39:35,230 --> 01:39:33,500
that yeah you're saying something is

2130
01:39:38,410 --> 01:39:35,240
incredibly rare and and then you're

2131
01:39:40,000 --> 01:39:38,420
posting pictures of something that isn't

2132
01:39:42,280 --> 01:39:40,010
incredibly rare it happens well time

2133
01:39:45,580 --> 01:39:42,290
when I first when I first pointed them

2134
01:39:46,900 --> 01:39:45,590
out I was dismissed oh it's just the one

2135
01:39:49,540 --> 01:39:46,910
he's like oh you think it'll be rare

2136
01:39:53,140 --> 01:39:49,550
sundogs so that was the joke right it's

2137
01:39:55,480 --> 01:39:53,150
an old joke and I it's it's you know

2138
01:39:57,040 --> 01:39:55,490
maybe I should I should I will actually

2139
01:40:00,040 --> 01:39:57,050
I will put a thing thing ya know it's a

2140
01:40:03,760 --> 01:40:00,050
halo yeah yeah

2141
01:40:05,050 --> 01:40:03,770
yeah lost in translation right you know

2142
01:40:06,490 --> 01:40:05,060
there are things like that I think where

2143
01:40:08,200 --> 01:40:06,500
if there is some kind of disagreement

2144
01:40:10,000 --> 01:40:08,210
like a you know I wrote a whole post on

2145
01:40:11,830 --> 01:40:10,010
Medibank about how son dogs are not

2146
01:40:13,630 --> 01:40:11,840
incredibly rare how halos are not

2147
01:40:18,700 --> 01:40:13,640
incredibly rare son dogs aren't even

2148
01:40:20,320 --> 01:40:18,710
that rare that I think there are certain

2149
01:40:23,440 --> 01:40:20,330
things where we can establish a baseline

2150
01:40:28,690 --> 01:40:23,450
of what the facts actually are I we can

2151
01:40:30,310 --> 01:40:28,700
you know say if a certain test uses you

2152
01:40:32,680 --> 01:40:30,320
know they will detect metals or not I

2153
01:40:35,800 --> 01:40:32,690
think that we can actually work through

2154
01:40:38,140 --> 01:40:35,810
some of our disagreements and you know

2155
01:40:43,030 --> 01:40:38,150
figure things out and try to work more

2156
01:40:44,770 --> 01:40:43,040
from a shared knowledge base rather than

2157
01:40:46,120 --> 01:40:44,780
just saying we disagree on everything

2158
01:40:48,880 --> 01:40:46,130
because there are things like you know

2159
01:40:52,050 --> 01:40:48,890
you know that you know what a low is we

2160
01:40:54,580 --> 01:40:52,060
disagree in a fundamental thing I

2161
01:40:56,560 --> 01:40:54,590
maintain that it is going on you

2162
01:40:59,170 --> 01:40:56,570
maintain it's not that's that's that's a

2163
01:41:02,050 --> 01:40:59,180
big one but you maintain that partly

2164
01:41:05,050 --> 01:41:02,060
because of evidence that you think that

2165
01:41:07,450 --> 01:41:05,060
you have and I think we can look at that

2166
01:41:09,280 --> 01:41:07,460
and you and you maintain your side with

2167
01:41:11,560 --> 01:41:09,290
evidence you think you have not really I

2168
01:41:12,850 --> 01:41:11,570
actually spend most of my time pointing

2169
01:41:15,940 --> 01:41:12,860
out where people get their everything

2170
01:41:17,470 --> 01:41:15,950
that's wrong rather than presenting

2171
01:41:20,560 --> 01:41:17,480
evidence it's hard to present evidence

2172
01:41:21,700 --> 01:41:20,570
for something not existing because you

2173
01:41:23,620 --> 01:41:21,710
know it's difficult to prove a negative

2174
01:41:25,870 --> 01:41:23,630
not be possible that it's difficult so

2175
01:41:27,340 --> 01:41:25,880
what I do is I look at people saying

2176
01:41:30,010 --> 01:41:27,350
things like oh there are these high

2177
01:41:33,400 --> 01:41:30,020
levels of aluminum in in rain or snow

2178
01:41:34,780 --> 01:41:33,410
and then I will show them a new would

2179
01:41:37,390 --> 01:41:34,790
say therefore it's not coming from the

2180
01:41:39,580 --> 01:41:37,400
sky coming from somewhere else well I

2181
01:41:41,260 --> 01:41:39,590
would say like these levels have existed

2182
01:41:43,690 --> 01:41:41,270
for you know whatever like a hundred

2183
01:41:46,090 --> 01:41:43,700
years or whatever it's not that unusual

2184
01:41:48,820 --> 01:41:46,100
so yeah I would say that but like then

2185
01:41:50,710 --> 01:41:48,830
it becomes like is this just an

2186
01:41:52,560 --> 01:41:50,720
interpretation this is just your own

2187
01:41:55,030 --> 01:41:52,570
personal feeling that they shouldn't be

2188
01:41:57,850 --> 01:41:55,040
metals in the sky or are you basing it

2189
01:41:59,290 --> 01:41:57,860
on actual research and you're saying

2190
01:42:01,660 --> 01:41:59,300
like you think that there shouldn't be

2191
01:42:04,150 --> 01:42:01,670
metals in the sky because you live close

2192
01:42:05,590 --> 01:42:04,160
to the ocean is that actually true you

2193
01:42:07,240 --> 01:42:05,600
know have you actually any way of

2194
01:42:09,760 --> 01:42:07,250
verifying that other than just kind of

2195
01:42:11,080 --> 01:42:09,770
like that's how it seems to be to you I

2196
01:42:14,240 --> 01:42:11,090
mean that's the type of thing that you

2197
01:42:17,520 --> 01:42:14,250
should really look into

2198
01:42:20,730 --> 01:42:17,530
what are the expected levels of aluminum

2199
01:42:23,760 --> 01:42:20,740
or whatever in real tax it's a little

2200
01:42:25,650 --> 01:42:23,770
difficult with the historical airborne

2201
01:42:28,710 --> 01:42:25,660
aluminum things but it lead to stop

2202
01:42:30,750 --> 01:42:28,720
publishing data EPA just stopped

2203
01:42:32,370 --> 01:42:30,760
publishing in their 2002 so we've got a

2204
01:42:35,280 --> 01:42:32,380
big gap there yeah but you can look a

2205
01:42:42,210 --> 01:42:35,290
historical okay yes send you know link

2206
01:42:44,970 --> 01:42:42,220
already mesmerized by the globe appear

2207
01:42:46,860 --> 01:42:44,980
the United States prevalence in soil on

2208
01:42:49,940 --> 01:42:46,870
water that link that I sent to you

2209
01:42:56,400 --> 01:42:49,950
[Music]

2210
01:43:02,060 --> 01:42:56,410
alright and that has historical records

2211
01:43:05,340 --> 01:43:02,070
of aluminum I just sent you one of them

2212
01:43:11,070 --> 01:43:05,350
this is this airborne our soil based or

2213
01:43:15,030 --> 01:43:11,080
this was I believe in that was in soil

2214
01:43:19,350 --> 01:43:15,040
soil yeah and then I'm good the airborne

2215
01:43:21,990 --> 01:43:19,360
stuff is what I was looking for and like

2216
01:43:29,360 --> 01:43:22,000
EPA stopped reporting that in 2002

2217
01:43:36,660 --> 01:43:29,370
alright I found one in 1972 Pennsylvania

2218
01:43:38,910 --> 01:43:36,670
yeah if you could find airborne aluminum

2219
01:43:42,420 --> 01:43:38,920
stuff would be right but the thing is

2220
01:43:45,980 --> 01:43:42,430
they don't test for aluminum because

2221
01:43:50,070 --> 01:43:45,990
they use it as basically as a reference

2222
01:43:52,920 --> 01:43:50,080
because it's so prevalent in the air no

2223
01:43:54,240 --> 01:43:52,930
but I mean APA were doing up until 2002

2224
01:43:56,520 --> 01:43:54,250
and they stopped yeah because there was

2225
01:44:01,050 --> 01:43:56,530
no reason to do it cuz they're always

2226
01:44:03,750 --> 01:44:01,060
gonna find levels of aluminum because I

2227
01:44:05,730 --> 01:44:03,760
mean you you disagree on the toxicity of

2228
01:44:08,280 --> 01:44:05,740
it if it's a tough if it's a toxic thing

2229
01:44:09,420 --> 01:44:08,290
in the air EPA's job is to like to keep

2230
01:44:12,360 --> 01:44:09,430
target --top' they were and they were

2231
01:44:15,360 --> 01:44:12,370
never never testing for elemental

2232
01:44:18,270 --> 01:44:15,370
aluminum they were testing for aluminum

2233
01:44:19,620 --> 01:44:18,280
and some form in the air wouldn't have

2234
01:44:21,690 --> 01:44:19,630
told them anything if people were

2235
01:44:24,160 --> 01:44:21,700
spraying like real aluminum in the air

2236
01:44:26,830 --> 01:44:24,170
it's the metallic aluminium is the one

2237
01:44:30,490 --> 01:44:26,840
toxic or potentially toxic if we can get

2238
01:44:33,820 --> 01:44:30,500
past the blood-brain barrier in in nano

2239
01:44:37,120 --> 01:44:33,830
form but they weren't testing for that

2240
01:44:38,229 --> 01:44:37,130
they never tested for that they're

2241
01:44:39,280 --> 01:44:38,239
saying they stopped testing for it

2242
01:44:41,760 --> 01:44:39,290
doesn't really mean anything it just

2243
01:44:44,530 --> 01:44:41,770
means that they didn't see any reason to

2244
01:44:47,800 --> 01:44:44,540
they decided to stop reporting levels of

2245
01:44:49,660 --> 01:44:47,810
aluminum yeah mm see as did California

2246
01:44:51,070 --> 01:44:49,670
EPA as well right because it was costing

2247
01:44:52,870 --> 01:44:51,080
you know several million dollars a year

2248
01:44:55,150 --> 01:44:52,880
to attest for it and it wasn't telling

2249
01:44:56,740 --> 01:44:55,160
me I think as you get the same levels a

2250
01:44:59,380 --> 01:44:56,750
year after year because he's just

2251
01:45:02,080 --> 01:44:59,390
getting rock dust basically mineral dust

2252
01:45:03,400 --> 01:45:02,090
so you'd say like you'd say like like in

2253
01:45:06,689 --> 01:45:03,410
the atmosphere they'll be like no

2254
01:45:09,220 --> 01:45:06,699
elemental pretty much no metal over time

2255
01:45:11,850 --> 01:45:09,230
there will be extraordinarily low

2256
01:45:14,709 --> 01:45:11,860
amounts of it if anyone yeah I think it

2257
01:45:18,520 --> 01:45:14,719
would just Hoxie dies almost instantly

2258
01:45:21,280 --> 01:45:18,530
you know it forms a thin layer of oxide

2259
01:45:23,080 --> 01:45:21,290
very rapidly and if it's nano sized

2260
01:45:27,459 --> 01:45:23,090
that's you know pretty much all of the

2261
01:45:30,280 --> 01:45:27,469
aluminum anyway oxidizes rapidly you

2262
01:45:35,760 --> 01:45:30,290
know they use aluminum in rocket motors

2263
01:45:38,290 --> 01:45:35,770
and in thermite yes precisely

2264
01:45:42,070 --> 01:45:38,300
but the thing is once but when it's

2265
01:45:45,250 --> 01:45:42,080
fired it's gonna like you know yeah it

2266
01:45:46,810 --> 01:45:45,260
turns into an oxide using fireworks to

2267
01:45:48,880 --> 01:45:46,820
make white lights and sparklers

2268
01:45:51,490 --> 01:45:48,890
sparklers have it anyway getting a

2269
01:45:54,150 --> 01:45:51,500
little off-topic here but yeah my point

2270
01:46:00,250 --> 01:45:54,160
is that I think we can actually resolve

2271
01:46:02,620 --> 01:46:00,260
differences of science like yeah like

2272
01:46:04,360 --> 01:46:02,630
questions about has there been any

2273
01:46:06,100 --> 01:46:04,370
change in the sampling of elemental

2274
01:46:07,840 --> 01:46:06,110
aluminum I say no there isn't because

2275
01:46:09,130 --> 01:46:07,850
they never tested for elemental only

2276
01:46:11,280 --> 01:46:09,140
with them they just tested you know the

2277
01:46:15,419 --> 01:46:11,290
same as they do now same as you do now

2278
01:46:18,100 --> 01:46:15,429
for you know aluminum in whatever form

2279
01:46:19,240 --> 01:46:18,110
so and we could you know there are

2280
01:46:22,030 --> 01:46:19,250
various other things like I probably get

2281
01:46:26,169 --> 01:46:22,040
through your website and find a bunch of

2282
01:46:28,209 --> 01:46:26,179
other things that yeah we disagree with

2283
01:46:30,070 --> 01:46:28,219
because you're wrong Oh actually I

2284
01:46:32,110 --> 01:46:30,080
here's the thing did you ever figure out

2285
01:46:34,600 --> 01:46:32,120
the difference with all those the

2286
01:46:36,040 --> 01:46:34,610
multiple rings that I was finding no

2287
01:46:37,779 --> 01:46:36,050
there was a there was I like the image

2288
01:46:40,540 --> 01:46:37,789
like the the halo which I'd like to

2289
01:46:42,459 --> 01:46:40,550
like it was like yeah there was sub

2290
01:46:45,759 --> 01:46:42,469
rings in it what were those that was a

2291
01:46:48,549 --> 01:46:45,769
that was a multiple ring halo an

2292
01:46:50,740 --> 01:46:48,559
incredibly rare one I read earlier I

2293
01:46:57,729 --> 01:46:50,750
wrote I wrote about it on meta bunk I

2294
01:47:00,009 --> 01:46:57,739
think yeah they happen under very rare

2295
01:47:03,669 --> 01:47:00,019
conditions just like sundogs a fairly

2296
01:47:09,399 --> 01:47:03,679
rare halos are not that rare but you

2297
01:47:10,450 --> 01:47:09,409
know how a halo forms refraction and

2298
01:47:13,180 --> 01:47:10,460
stuff all right

2299
01:47:25,149 --> 01:47:13,190
I mean do you know specifically why you

2300
01:47:26,830 --> 01:47:25,159
get this 22 degree halo well when you

2301
01:47:30,910 --> 01:47:26,840
send light through a prism I mean you

2302
01:47:36,759 --> 01:47:30,920
can light gets but it gets bent enough

2303
01:47:39,160 --> 01:47:36,769
it'll yeah yes essentially like the ice

2304
01:47:44,229 --> 01:47:39,170
crystals that form are these hexagonal

2305
01:47:45,790 --> 01:47:44,239
columns we maintaining that they all

2306
01:47:46,629 --> 01:47:45,800
have to be aligned in a certain way yes

2307
01:47:50,319 --> 01:47:46,639
yes they do

2308
01:47:52,990 --> 01:47:50,329
yeah so they're different different

2309
01:47:56,279 --> 01:47:53,000
types of crystals will form under

2310
01:47:59,500 --> 01:47:56,289
different atmospheric conditions halos

2311
01:48:02,109 --> 01:47:59,510
are generally I believe off top of my

2312
01:48:05,939 --> 01:48:02,119
head like horizontal ice crystals like

2313
01:48:08,830 --> 01:48:05,949
they settle into this horizontal state

2314
01:48:12,759 --> 01:48:08,840
yeah I'm looking at your your photos

2315
01:48:16,899 --> 01:48:12,769
here of the multiple halo Nicole looking

2316
01:48:18,939 --> 01:48:16,909
yeah I did you like my everything I had

2317
01:48:22,080 --> 01:48:18,949
it I put a lens cap on her selfie stick

2318
01:48:27,490 --> 01:48:24,359
have you looked at the website

2319
01:48:29,770 --> 01:48:27,500
atmospheric optics I know that optics

2320
01:48:30,790 --> 01:48:29,780
they give a very good explanation of all

2321
01:48:39,160 --> 01:48:30,800
the different types they get an

2322
01:48:42,310 --> 01:48:39,170
explanation yeah yeah yeah yeah it's you

2323
01:48:47,169 --> 01:48:42,320
know it's yeah things like the 22

2324
01:48:50,849 --> 01:48:47,179
degrees is something that I I've seen

2325
01:49:02,119 --> 01:48:55,439
I I don't want to say anything negative

2326
01:49:08,819 --> 01:49:05,040
this was just so we can like say hi and

2327
01:49:13,439 --> 01:49:08,829
be nice how do you say without

2328
01:49:16,169 --> 01:49:13,449
interruption what your view was great

2329
01:49:17,939 --> 01:49:16,179
I'm this thing I think is important my

2330
01:49:19,709 --> 01:49:17,949
view is that we can make progress in

2331
01:49:22,469 --> 01:49:19,719
communication by discussing things like

2332
01:49:32,129 --> 01:49:22,479
this like you think that yeah at Optics

2333
01:49:36,029 --> 01:49:32,139
they're some of the refractive

2334
01:49:37,589 --> 01:49:36,039
properties of ice you know fixed they're

2335
01:49:38,909 --> 01:49:37,599
measurable you could shine a laser

2336
01:49:41,399 --> 01:49:38,919
through some ice and it would Bend

2337
01:49:44,729 --> 01:49:41,409
through a certain degrees and we can

2338
01:49:46,679 --> 01:49:44,739
look at ice that same same with glass

2339
01:49:48,989 --> 01:49:46,689
glass depending on you know depending on

2340
01:49:51,449 --> 01:49:48,999
the glass will Bend a certain way but if

2341
01:49:53,699 --> 01:49:51,459
depending on what lens you make all of

2342
01:49:56,189 --> 01:49:53,709
it will Bend a different than that the

2343
01:49:58,049 --> 01:49:56,199
shape of the it's a refractive index

2344
01:49:59,520 --> 01:49:58,059
Plus this the the shape and the other

2345
01:50:01,199 --> 01:49:59,530
impurities and all kinds of stuff

2346
01:50:03,959 --> 01:50:01,209
there's a lot of things that go into

2347
01:50:06,029 --> 01:50:03,969
optics I know it's a super complex thing

2348
01:50:10,679 --> 01:50:06,039
I hated it when I was doing a level

2349
01:50:13,889 --> 01:50:10,689
physics that in fluid mechanics but then

2350
01:50:16,500 --> 01:50:13,899
III get it I understand this stuff if I

2351
01:50:20,040 --> 01:50:16,510
what I don't get is why you have such a

2352
01:50:21,449 --> 01:50:20,050
negative opinion of about optics yeah is

2353
01:50:24,479 --> 01:50:21,459
there something to do with their halos

2354
01:50:30,839 --> 01:50:24,489
cuz the old halo stuff is verifiable you

2355
01:50:33,329 --> 01:50:30,849
can verify that it will form we just we

2356
01:50:38,310 --> 01:50:33,339
disagree like for example I met a bunt

2357
01:50:41,699 --> 01:50:38,320
and I mean priority you do you do your

2358
01:50:44,429 --> 01:50:41,709
thing we do our thing and while we're

2359
01:50:46,560 --> 01:50:44,439
opening lines of communication here just

2360
01:50:48,449 --> 01:50:46,570
like you know during World War two like

2361
01:50:50,040 --> 01:50:48,459
they got out of the trenches and played

2362
01:50:53,549 --> 01:50:50,050
football and shared schnapps and stuff

2363
01:50:55,770 --> 01:50:53,559
as well as that one yeah that that's

2364
01:50:58,319 --> 01:50:55,780
that that's that's a spirit I'm bringing

2365
01:51:01,530 --> 01:50:58,329
this into and I don't want to I know

2366
01:51:04,940 --> 01:51:01,540
whatever disagree with them

2367
01:51:08,930 --> 01:51:04,950
let's not get into that it's divisive

2368
01:51:12,150 --> 01:51:08,940
the thing is the division that where is

2369
01:51:13,260 --> 01:51:12,160
the problem here like here you have one

2370
01:51:15,330 --> 01:51:13,270
point of view I have a different point

2371
01:51:17,190 --> 01:51:15,340
of view but again it's not like you know

2372
01:51:20,040 --> 01:51:17,200
I'm I'm liberal and you're a

2373
01:51:22,320 --> 01:51:20,050
conservative it's we're disagreeing on

2374
01:51:24,030 --> 01:51:22,330
fundamental like issues of science like

2375
01:51:25,620 --> 01:51:24,040
you're you're saying that yeah there's

2376
01:51:28,620 --> 01:51:25,630
something dubious about the way these

2377
01:51:30,270 --> 01:51:28,630
halos are forming and I'm saying that

2378
01:51:33,780 --> 01:51:30,280
there isn't and that is something I

2379
01:51:39,750 --> 01:51:33,790
think that we can resolve well for

2380
01:51:41,700 --> 01:51:39,760
another time but I do I do want to thank

2381
01:51:43,220 --> 01:51:41,710
you for taking time that yeah well thank

2382
01:51:47,040 --> 01:51:43,230
you for a polite conversation

2383
01:51:50,400 --> 01:51:47,050
you know I'm all about being nice I mean

2384
01:51:53,130 --> 01:51:50,410
we can disagree we can you know both

2385
01:51:54,660 --> 01:51:53,140
different we can you know decide which

2386
01:52:00,630 --> 01:51:54,670
side of the ten irons is better having

2387
01:52:02,910 --> 01:52:00,640
they're both pretty cool actually III so

2388
01:52:06,270 --> 01:52:02,920
III actually I I was a newspaper

2389
01:52:08,670 --> 01:52:06,280
reporter in Ormskirk on one side of the

2390
01:52:15,540 --> 01:52:08,680
pen ions and I studied and Sheffield on

2391
01:52:17,580 --> 01:52:15,550
the other and I think I'm a singer cat I

2392
01:52:21,300 --> 01:52:17,590
mean of course I'm a mutt where my

2393
01:52:23,400 --> 01:52:21,310
accent comes but I think I still get a

2394
01:52:24,930 --> 01:52:23,410
little bit in northern England bury them

2395
01:52:27,120 --> 01:52:24,940
up to the Irish in there somewhere

2396
01:52:30,300 --> 01:52:27,130
can you hear any sounds pretty Irish to

2397
01:52:32,480 --> 01:52:30,310
me but have been a while why do patchy

2398
01:52:36,360 --> 01:52:32,490
do you ever get someone say oh you sound

2399
01:52:39,270 --> 01:52:36,370
European usually Australian I guess I

2400
01:52:42,150 --> 01:52:39,280
gotta straight in a lot but I was I was

2401
01:52:44,670 --> 01:52:42,160
dumbfounded when someone well for like

2402
01:52:47,070 --> 01:52:44,680
person like I went to college in Cardiff

2403
01:52:50,070 --> 01:52:47,080
and went when I was doing physics and

2404
01:52:57,210 --> 01:52:50,080
when when when someone said oh you have

2405
01:52:59,520 --> 01:52:57,220
an Irish accent like which when I came

2406
01:53:02,010 --> 01:52:59,530
here and it was broadened to all of

2407
01:53:05,690 --> 01:53:02,020
Europe that's like wow but I think I've

2408
01:53:08,130 --> 01:53:05,700
over time you lose the ear the different

2409
01:53:11,010 --> 01:53:08,140
regions I mean you thought you sounded I

2410
01:53:14,830 --> 01:53:11,020
was thinking Manchester well here I

2411
01:53:18,320 --> 01:53:14,840
lived there for six or seven years

2412
01:53:21,070 --> 01:53:18,330
I've been here since 94 uh about the

2413
01:53:25,310 --> 01:53:21,080
same actually yeah I think it was 94 I

2414
01:53:30,080 --> 01:53:25,320
need three maybe no yeah yeah a long

2415
01:53:34,100 --> 01:53:30,090
time yep I don't feel American yeah well

2416
01:53:35,630 --> 01:53:34,110
I assume you're a citizen now I'm still

2417
01:53:38,210 --> 01:53:35,640
on a green card I just renew my green

2418
01:53:41,900 --> 01:53:38,220
card every every however many years it's

2419
01:53:44,810 --> 01:53:41,910
a rip spike yeah no I mean did it the

2420
01:53:46,730 --> 01:53:44,820
one reason I'd like to get citizenship

2421
01:53:49,130 --> 01:53:46,740
is what you read you dig that fascinates

2422
01:53:51,500 --> 01:53:49,140
me okay or just like why would you want

2423
01:53:54,740 --> 01:53:51,510
to get called for jury duty if I'm gonna

2424
01:53:57,890 --> 01:53:54,750
go now yeah yeah see how the sausage was

2425
01:53:59,240 --> 01:53:57,900
made from the inside yeah I get my

2426
01:54:04,070 --> 01:53:59,250
summons all the time but I never

2427
01:54:06,050 --> 01:54:04,080
actually been on do you go when they

2428
01:54:07,820 --> 01:54:06,060
just say hey I don't even go there they

2429
01:54:10,790 --> 01:54:07,830
have you call into this automated system

2430
01:54:12,890 --> 01:54:10,800
I guess they just I just been lucky

2431
01:54:14,270 --> 01:54:12,900
honey there was like five times as many

2432
01:54:18,410 --> 01:54:14,280
people as they need just so they have

2433
01:54:22,860 --> 01:54:18,420
enough yeah all right well I gotta go